ТHЕ PYLYP ORLYK CONSTITUTION, 1710

Pylyp Orlyk was born on October 11, 1672 in Kosuta (modern day Belarus) and died on May 26, 1742 in Iaşi (modern day Romania). He was a Zaporozhian Cossack officer, Hetman in exile, diplomat, and secretary to and close associate of Hetman Ivan Mazepa.

Pylyp Orlyk first studied at the Jesuit college in Vilnius, Lithuania and until 1694 at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. In 1699 he became a senior member of Hetman Ivan Mazepa's General Military Chancellery and in 1706 was appointed general chancellor. At that position, he was Mazepa's closest aide, facilitated Mazepa's secret correspondence with the Poles and Swedes, and assisted Mazepa in his efforts to form an anti-Russian coalition.

After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, he fled together with Hetman Ivan Mazepa and King Charles XII of Sweden to Bender in the Principality of Moldavia, where Mazepa soon died. Pylyp Orlyk was then chosen by the Ukrainian Cossacks as their Hetman in exile. While in Bender, he wrote the first state constitution in Europe, known as the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk or the Bendery Constitution.

The Pylyp Orlyk Constitution is regarded as the first in the world to establish the separation of government powers into the legislative, executive and judicial branches. The document consists of a preamble and sixteen articles. According to the constitution, legislative power was vested in the General Council (parliament), which was to hold three annual sessions. The Hetman and the General Staff Council constituted the executive branch, while legal matters fell under the jurisdiction of the General Court. Thus the Ukrainian constitution of 1710 preceded those of the United States, France and Poland, and attested to the democratic thinking of the Ukrainian Cossack elite.

It is of special note that Pylyp Orlyk resided in Kristianstad, Sweden from 1716-1719 and Stockholm, Sweden from 1719-1720. This year, on the 300th anniversary of the Bendery Constitution, Pylyp Orlyk’s contributions to Ukrainian, Swedish and generally European history, his leadership as Hetman of the Ukrainian Cossacks, and his creation of the Ukrainian constitution of 1710, the first and most progressive constitution of its kind at the time, will be commemorated at the Swedish National Archive in Stockholm, Sweden, as well as in Ukraine, Canada and other countries.

The Bendery Constitution (abridgement)

The original document of the Bendery Constitution was written in intricate Latin. There exists also a translation into old Ukrainian. The newly elected Hetman Pylyp Orlyk succeeded, in exile, the late Hetman Ivan Mazepa, who had fled to the Moldavian town of Bendery (or Bender) after the defeat of his forces and those of Charles XII at the battle of Poltava in I309. Orlyk, with the remnants of the Cossack starshyna (officer corps), represented a Cossack ‘government in exile. ‘ The constitution confirms the status of the ‘ancient Cossack nation’ and its struggle against Moscow. The Cossacks, defenders of the Orthodox faith, nevertheless are guaranteed the supremacy of a Kievan metropolitan, one independent of Moscow’s influence. Many rights of the Cossacks are provided for, and the protection of the Swedish king is assured.

TREATY AND COVENANT OF LAWS AND LIBERTIES OF THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST, AGREED UPON BETWEEN HIS HIGHNESS PYL YP ORL YK, THE NEWLY ELECTED HETMAN OF THE ZAPOROZHIAN HOST, AND THE GENERALS, COLONELS, AND ALSO THE SAID ZAPOROZHIAN HOST, DULY PROMULGATED BY BOTH SIDES AND AFFIRMED BY A FORMAL OATH IN A FREE ELECTION BY THE SAID HETMAN AT BENDERY ON THE FIFTH DAY OF APRIL, IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1710 ...

In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, God glorified in the Holy Trinity. Let it be to the eternal glory and memory of the Zaporozhian Host and the Ruthenian [Rossiacae] (The passages in square brackets, some quoting the Latin original and some clarifying it, are provided by the translator), people.

God, who is wondrous and unfathomable in his judgments, merciful in forbearance, just in punishment, has ever since the beginning of this visible> world elevated some kingdoms and peoples according to his most equitable judgment and humiliated others because of their offences and iniquities, reduced some to slavery and liberated others, exalted some and cast down others. In the same way, the valiant and ancient Cossack people, formerly called Khazar, was at first exalted by immortal glory, spacious territory, and heroic exploits which inspired fear both at sea and on land not only among neighbouring peoples but even in the Eastern Empire, so much so that the Eastern emperor, wishing to make lasting peace with it, joined his son in matrimony to the daughter of the Khagan, that is to say, the Cossack prince. Then, the same God, the most righteous judge glorified in the highest, chastised that Cossack people with many punishments for its multiple iniquities and sins, degraded and humbled it, and reduced it to a state of almost perpetual ruin. Finally, he made it subject to the Polish kingdom, through the victorious arms of the Polish kings Boleslaw the Brave and Stephen Bathory. But though God, unfathomable and incomprehensible in his righteous judgments, had punished our ancestors with innumerable calamities, he was not unceasingly angry or bearing ill will for ever, for, wishing to restore the aforementioned Cossack people to its original freedom from the heavy Polish yoke, he brought forth a fervent defender of the Orthodox religion and of the rights and liberties of our fatherland, the valiant Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky of eternal memory, who, with divine help, with the invincible assistance of His Most Serene Majesty Charles X, King of Sweden, of immortal and glorious memory, and with the support of the Crimean state and the military might of the Zaporozhian Host, as well as through his own astute diligence, care, labour, and magnitude of spirit, liberated the Zaporozhian Host and the oppressed Ruthenian [Rossiaca] people from Polish servitude. He also voluntarily submitted himself and his people to the authority of the Muscovite tsardom in the hope that, being of the same religious faith with us, it would abide by the obligations contained in treaties and covenants and confirmed by oath, and would for ever preserve inviolably under its protection the rights and liberties of the Zaporozhian Host and the free Ruthenian [Rossiacam] people. However, after the death of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky of blessed memory, the Muscovite tsardom attempted by many ingenious means to weaken and utterly destroy the liberties of the Zaporozhian Host that it itself had confirmed and to place the yoke of slavery on the free people whom it itself had never subdued by force of arms. Then, whenever the Zaporozhian Host suffered that violence, it was forced to defend the integrity of its laws and liberties with its own blood and courage, with God the avenger supporting it in defence of those laws and liberties. Finally, in recent years, during the tenure of His Highness Hetman Ivan Mazepa of blessed memory, the aforementioned Muscovite tsardom, intent on carrying out its evil designs and repaying good with evil instead of with gratitude and esteem for the many loyal services the Cossacks had been forced to perform at an utterly ruinous cost and number of losses, and for innumerable acts of heroism and bloody military exploits, wanted to transform them into a regular militia, to place their towns under its sovereignty, to destroy their rights and liberties, to eradicate the Zaporozhian Host on the Lower Dnieper, and to extinguish its name for ever. Of the truth of all these facts, there were and are now available general indications and documentary evidence. Then, the aforementioned Illustrious Hetman Ivan Mazepa of blessed memory, inspired by just zeal for the integrity of the laws of our fatherland and the liberties of the Zaporozhian Host, and burning with a fervent desire to see our fatherland and the Zaporozhian Host in the towns and on the Lower Dnieper enjoying their liberties not only intact but even: increased and enlarged, both during the days of his Hetmanate and after his death, for the sake of the eternal memory of his name, placed himself under the invincible protection of His Most Serene and Mighty Majesty Charles XII, King of Sweden, who, guided by a special act of- divine providence, turned with his armies into Ukraine. Thus, he followed in the footsteps of his predecessor, the most valiant Bohdan Khmelnytsky of blessed memory, who, receiving no lesser help in his designs to deflect Polish military power, reached an agreement and came to a meeting of minds concerning military plans with the Most Serene King of Sweden Charles X, the namesake and grandfather of His Royal Majesty, in order to liberate his fatherland from the Polish servitude then oppressing it. And although God’s unfathomable judgments not only did not fulfill the late Hetman’s ardent desire, owing to the unfavorable turn of military fortunes, but also subjected the Hetman himself, here at Bendery, to the laws of mortality, the Zaporozhian Host, orphaned after the death of its foremost commander-in-chief, without abandoning its desire for freedom, and placing its firm confidence in God’s help, in the protection of the Most Serene and Mighty King of Sweden, and in its just cause, which was always wont to triumph, decided, in order to further it and to improve the military administration, through the council of general officers and with the approval of our Most Serene Protector, His Royal Majesty the King of Sweden, to elect a new hetman and to set the time of the election and the place suitable for this electoral act near Bendery, where they had convened for the public council with their leader, Chief Ataman Konstantyn Hordienko. Then all, without any dissent, with their generals, their officers, and the envoys sent by the Zaporozhlan Host in the Sich, in accordance with the old customs and ancient laws, elected in a free vote as their hetman His Grace Pylyp Orlyk, worthy of that dignified position, and able, with divine help, with the support of His Royal Majesty the King of Sweden, and with his keen intelligence and knowledge gained by experience, to shoulder the office of the hetman, burdensome and dangerous as it is in the present confused state of affairs, to take solicitous care of the public affairs of our fatherland, to consult, guide, and direct. Since, however, some of the former hetmans, attached to the despotic Muscovite tsardom, had dared to usurp absolute power, beyond the limits of reasonableness and law, thereby violating ancient rights and liberties of the Zaporozhian Host and imposing heavy burdens on the common people, we, the general officers present here, and we, the Chief Ataman with the Zaporozhian Host, in order to prevent such lawlessness, especially at this most opportune time for such an action, when the Zaporozhian Host for no other reason has sought the protection of His Royal Majesty the King of Sweden, and now is abiding by it steadfastly and unwaveringly merely for the purpose of restoring and promoting its suppressed rights and liberties, have entered into an agreement and decided with the newly elected Hetman, His Excellency Pylyp Orlyk, not only that His Excellency, during what we trust will be his auspicious tenure as Hetman, should observe inviolably the treaty and covenant expressed in the following articles, which he has affirmed by his oath, but also that they should be unchangeably observed and preserved by his successors, the future hetmans of the Zaporozhian Host. They are as follows:

Whereas among the three theological virtues faith is the first, one should in this first article deal with the Orthodox faith of the Eastern confession, with which the valiant Cossack people was enlightened under the rule of Khazar princes by the Apostolic See of Constantinople, and to which it has remained unwaveringly faithful then and now, without straying from it to any alien religion. It is no secret that Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky of glorious memory, with the Zaporozhian Host, took up arms and began a just war against the Polish Commonwealth for no other reason (apart from rights and liberties) except their Orthodox faith, which had been forced as a result of various encumbrances placed on it by the Polish authorities into union with the Roman church. Similarly, after the alien new Roman religion had been eradicated from our fatherland, he, with the said Zaporozhian Host and Ruthenian [Rossiaca] people, sought and submitted himself to the protection of the Muscovite tsardom for no other reason than “’that it shared the same Orthodox religion. Therefore, if God our Lord, strong and mighty in battle, should assist the victorious armies of His Royal Majesty the King of Sweden to liberate our fatherland from the Muscovite yoke of slavery, the present newly elected Hetman will be bound by duty and put under obligation to take special care that no alien religion is introduced into our Ruthenian [Rossiacam] fatherland. Should one, however, appear anywhere, either secretly or openly, he will be bound to extirpate it through his authority, not allow it to be preached or disseminated, and not permit any dissenters, most of all the adherents of deceitful Judaism, to live in Ukraine, and will be bound to make every possible effort that only the Orthodox faith of the Eastern confession, under obedience to the Holy Apostolic See of Constantinople, be established firmly for ever and be allowed to expand and to flourish, like a rose among thorns, among the neighbouring countries following alien religions, for the greater glory of God, the building of churches, and the instruction of Ruthenian [Rossiacis] sons in the liberal arts. And for the greater authority of the Kievan metropolitan see, which is foremost in Little Russia [Parva Rossia], and for a more efficient administration of spiritual matters, His Grace the Hetman should, after the liberation of our fatherland from the Muscovite yoke, obtain from the Apostolic See of Constantinople the original power of an exarch in order thereby to renew relationship with and filial obedience to the aforementioned Apostolic See of Constantinople, from which it , was privileged to have been enlightened in the holy Catholic faith by the preaching of the Gospel.

Since every state exists and is made stable through the inviolability and integrity of its borders, it will be the duty of His Grace the Hetman to endeavor and take care to the best of his ability to ensure, whenever necessary during the negotiations for a [peace] treaty by His Majesty the King f Sweden, that Little Russia [Parva Rossia], our fatherland, will remain within the borders confirmed by the treaties of the Polish Commonwealth, e Sublime Ottoman Porte, and the Muscovite tsardom, especially the territory extending to the river Sluch, which was ceded, restored for ever, confirmed by treaties in the possession of the Hetmanate and the Zaporozhian Host under the rule of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. He should also entreat His Royal Majesty, his most gracious lord, guardian, defender, and protector, not to permit anyone to violate or appropriate not only our rights and liberties but also our ancestral borders. In addition, it will be the duty of His Grace the Hetman to obtain, after (we trust) a successful end of the war, such a treaty and guarantee of security from His Majesty the King “of Sweden that His Majesty and his successors, the Most Serene Kings of Sweden, will enjoy in perpetuity the title of protectors of Ukraine’ [Ucraina] and indeed remain as such for the future defence of our fatherland and for the preservation of its integrity in rights, privileges, and borders. It will equally be the duty of His Grace the Hetman to petition His Royal Majesty to attach to the treaties concluded by His Majesty with the Muscovite tsardom the provision both that our prisoners who are now residing in the Muscovite tsardom be set free after the end of the war and that just compensation be made for all the war damages suffered by Ukraine. His Grace the Hetman also should especially entreat His Royal Majesty, and make efforts to this end, that our prisoners in His Majesty’s kingdom be set free and allowed to return to their fatherland.

III

Whereas the people formerly known as the Khazars and later called Cossacks trace their genealogical origin to the powerful and invincible Goths, and, moreover, whereas the laws of friendly neighbourhood connect and join together that Cossack people by the deepest ties of affectionate affinity to the Crimean state, with which the Zaporozhian Host many a time entered into military alliances, and from which it obtained assistance for the protection of its fatherland and its liberties; His Grace the Hetman shall endeavour, as far as is possible at present, to renew through his envoys to His Most Serene Highness the Khan the old brotherhood and military alliance with the Crimean state and to confirm perpetual friendship, so that the neighbouring countries, taking note of it, will not dare to strive to subjugate Ukraine or inflict any harm on it. And after the end of the war, when, with God’s help and blessing, the peace prevails which we desire and which will be favourable to us and the newly elected Hetman establishes himself in his residence, he shall exert all his strength and discerning diligence, and be obliged by the duty of his office, to ensure that the alliance and fraternity with the Crimean state will not be in the least damaged or violated by unrestrained and frivolous people on our side, who, being accustomed to wrongdoing, are not ashamed to break and violate either the laws of neighbourhood and friendship or the covenants of peace.

The Zaporozhian Host on the Lower Dnieper, which won immortal glory through its innumerable heroic exploits on land and at sea, was also rewarded with generous privileges and grants for its common advantage and use. However, the Muscovite tsardom, devising various means to oppress and despoil it, erected on its own grounds and estates first the Samara towns and then the fortresses situated on the Dnieper, thereby hindering the Zaporozhian Host in its fishing and hunting and inflicting on it damage, injury, an infringement of the law, and oppression. Finally, it destroyed in an armed attack the military base Sich, the stronghold of the Zaporozhians. Therefore, after what we trust will be a successful end of the war, if the aforementioned Zaporozhian Host should not reclaim its lands and the Dnieper from the violent occupation of the Muscovites, it will be the duty of His Grace the Hetman to take care during the negotiations for a “peace treaty between His Majesty the King of Sweden and the Muscovite tsardom that the Dnieper and the lands of the Zaporozhian Host be cleared of Muscovite towns and fortresses and restored to the original ownership of the said Host. As for the future, His Grace the Hetman must not only refuse to grant anyone permission to build fortresses or found towns and villages with a predetermined term of freedom, or despoil the lands of the Zaporozhian Host in any other manner, but also give the Zaporozhian Host all possible support in their defence.

…

If autocratic states maintain in both war and peace the praiseworthy and useful practice of holding private and public councils to deal with matters important for the general welfare of the country, in which even the autocrats themselves take part and do not hesitate to comply with the joint opinion and decision of their ministers and advisers, why cannot such a beneficial system be maintained by a free people? Indeed, such a practice was formerly maintained and continued in the Zaporozhian Host under the rule of hetmans in accordance with old rights and liberties; however, some hetmans of the Zaporozhian Host, having unjustly or illegally usurped absolute power, established through their own authority this law: ’I wish so, and so I order.’ This despotic law, unbecoming to the hetman’s office, has resulted in the introduction into our fatherland and into the Zaporozhian Host of many abuses, violations of rights and liberties, public burdens, arbitrary and venal dispositions of military offices, and a low regard for general officers, colonels, and our distinguished comrades-in-arms. Therefore we, the general officers, the Chief Ataman, and the whole Zaporozhian Host, have concluded an agreement and decided together with His Highness the Hetman, on the occasion of his election, to adopt a law, which is to be preserved for ever in the Zaporozhian Host, that general officers should be [elevated to the position of] foremost councillors in our fatherland, both as a mark of respect for their original offices and because of their continuous residence at the Hetman’s side. They are to be followed in the usual order by colonels in command of town regiments, who should be honoured in a similar manner as public councillors. In addition, there shall be elected to the general council, with the Hetman’s consent, one distinguished, old, judicious, and worthy man from each regiment. The present Hetman, and his successors, shall consult these general officers, colonels, and general councillors concerning the integrity of the fatherland, its common weal, and all public affairs, and shall not undertake, establish, and execute anything through his personal authority without their prior advice and consent. Therefore now, on the occasion of the Hetman’s election, in accordance with the unanimous decision of all, three general councils are scheduled to be held every year at the Hetman’s residence: the first one at Christmas, the second one at Easter, and the third one on the day of the Protection of the Most Blessed Mother of God. They shall be attended not only by the colonels with their officers and captains, and not only by general councillors from all regiments, but also by the representatives of the Zaporozhian Host of the Lower Dnieper, who, having received the Hetman’s summons, shall arrive at the specified time to take part in the deliberations and consultations. Whatever agenda His Highness the Hetman will submit to the general council must be discussed by all conscientiously, without anyone seeking private advantage for himself or anyone else, without any nefarious envy or vindictiveness, and in such a circumspect manner that nothing could occur during these deliberations that would reflect upon the Hetman’s honour and could result in public detriment or even lead to the ruin and destruction of our fatherland. And if some public affairs demand speedy action, amendment, and expedition outside the aforementioned terms set for the meetings of the general council, then His Highness the Hetman will have full power and authority to manage and direct such affairs with the advice of the general officers. Also, if any letters should arrive from foreign kingdoms and countries addressed to His Highness the Hetman, then His Highness shall inform the general officers and show them his response, without concealing any letters, especially those from foreign countries and those which could bring harm to the integrity of the fatherland and to the public welfare ... And if anything adverse, devious, harmful to rights and liberties, and disadvantageous to our fatherland should be observed in the conduct of His Highness the Hetman, then the general officers, the colonels, and the general councillors will have the authority to express freely their opinion, bring it to the attention of His Highness, and voice their objections against the violation of our “ ancestral rights and liberties, either privately or, if an extreme and urgent need should arise, publicly in the council, without, however, detracting in the least from the Hetman’s high honour; [on his part,] His Highness the ‘Hetman must not show indignation at or take revenge for these reproofs, but should rather attempt to correct such deficiencies ... And just as the general officers, colonels, and general councillors are obliged to treat His Highness the Hetman with due respect and show him appropriate honour :i”and loyal obedience, so His Highness the Hetman should also show them reciprocal respect, and regard them as his comrades-in-arms and not as sergeants and subordinate helpers, and do so without obliging them intention[:ally to demean themselves by remaining standing in front of him in public, flan seemly and indecorous manner, except when this is required by necessity.

VII

If anyone of the general officers, colonels, and general councillors, distinguished comrades-in-arms, or other officials in authority over the common people should dare to commit the crime of affronting the Hetman’s honour, or should appear guilty of any other offence, His Highness the Hetman shall not himself punish such a defendant with his personal revenge and power, but shall refer such a criminal or civil case to the general court, where justice will be administered to everyone without favoritism or hypocrisy.

…

Since formerly there were always general treasurers in the Zaporozhian Host, who managed the public treasury, the mills, and all the revenue and duties pertaining to the treasury and administered them with the Hetman’s knowledge and approval, now likewise the same arrangement is being made by general agreement and established by an immutable law that, after the longed-for liberation of our fatherland from the Muscovite yoke, a general treasurer be elected according to the Hetman’s judgment and with public consent - a prominent, meritorious, prosperous, and honest man, who will take responsibility for the public treasury, administer the mills and all the revenue, and direct them, with the Hetman’s knowledge, to the public need and not to his private gain. His Highness the Hetman himself, however, shall have no claim to the public treasury and to the revenues pertaining to it and no right to direct them to his personal use, but must be satisfied with the income and revenues allocated to the Hetman’s office and person ... Colonels shall likewise have no interest in regimental treasuries and shall be satisfied with the income and estates pertaining to their office.

Just as His Highness the Hetman should direct and look into the arrangements in our fatherland and in the Zaporozhian Host in accordance with the duties of his office, so also should he carefully and vigilantly see to it that no excessive burdens, taxes, seizures, and violent extortions are imposed on military and common people, who, forced by such impositions, are wont to move to foreign kingdoms and seek a more comfortable, . ., easier, and more peaceful life outside the borders of their own country ... And all the burdens and abuses weighing down the miserable common people have their origin in the greed for power of office buyers, who, without relying on their own merits but prompted by an insatiable appetite to secure military and private offices for their private gain, corrupt and ensnare the Hetman’s heart with illicit gifts and, thanks to them, thrust their way, without a free vote and against law and equity, into the rank of colonel and into other offices. Therefore, let it be solemnly resolved that His Highness the Hetman must not be guided by any gifts and favours and must not appoint anyone to the rank of colonel or other military or civil office in return for a bribe, nor assign anyone arbitrarily to these positions, but that both military and civil officers, especially colonels, must be elected by a free vote and, after the election, be confirmed by the Hetman’s authority; however, the election of these officers should not take place without the Hetman’s consent. The same law should also be observed by colonels, who must not appoint captains and other officers in return for bribes and other private favours without a free election by the whole century, and may not remove them from office at their personal discretion.

…

XIII

Be it decreed and confirmed by the authority of this electoral act that the chief (mother) city of Rus’ [Metropolis Urbs Rossiae], Kiev, and other cities of Ukraine [Ucrainae] preserve inviolable all the rights and privileges they have legally received, and that their confirmation is entrusted at the appropriate time to the Hetman’s power.

…

XVI

... This treaty and covenant is entrusted [to the Hetman] for its effective enactment and His Highness will deign to confirm it not only with his own signature and public seal, but also with a formal oath, which runs as follows:

I, Pylyp Orlyk, the newly elected Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, swear-to-our Lord God glorified in the Holy Trinity that, having been elected, proclaimed, and raised to the supreme office of Hetman by free vote, according to the old laws and customs of our fatherland, with the consent of His Majesty the King of Sweden, our protector, by the general officers and the whole Zaporozhian Host, both that staying here at His Majesty’s and that remaining on the lower banks of the Dnieper and represented by its envoys, I will unfailingly fulfill all the compacts and covenants appended hereto and unanimously accepted, made into law, and confirmed all articles, commas, and periods by me and the Zaporozhian Host in the act of the present election. I [further] pledge to love my country Rus’ [Roxolanae], our mother, to be loyal to and take solicitous care of her, and to strive, as far as my strength, wisdom, and ability allow, for her common weal, her public integrity, and the extension of the rights and liberties of Zaporozhian Host. I pledge never to conclude any agreements with countries and peoples or within our fatherland that could bring or any harm to it, and pledge to make known to the general officers, and other appropriate persons secret messages from other countries harmful to our fatherland and to the rights and liberties of the Zaporozhian Host. I promise and pledge to treat with respect worthy and meritorious persons in the Zaporozhian Host, to have affection for all comrades-in-arms of higher and lower rank who behave appropriately, a to mete out punishment to lawbreakers in accordance with the articles laws. So help me God, this inviolable Gospel, and the passion of Christ. I validate and confirm all this with my own signature and with the pu seal.

Enacted at Bendery, on the fifth day of April, in the year of Our Lord 1710.

[This constitution was ratified by King Charles XII of Sweden 10 May I710.]

Translated by Bohdan Budurowycz

THE BENDERY CONSTITUTION IN LATIN

Pacta et constitutiones legum libertatumque

exercitus Zaporoviensis

Inter

Illustrissimum dominum dominum Philippum Orlik,

Neoelectum ducem exercitus Zaporoviensis,

Et inter generales, colonellos,

Nec non eundem exercitum Zaporoviensem,

Publico utriusque partis laudo conventa

Ac in libera electione formali iuramento ab eodem illustrissimo

Duce corroborata, anno domini 1710,

Aprilis 5, ad Benderam.

Mirabilis et incomprehensibilis Deus in iudiciis suis, misericors in diuturna patientia, iustus in poena, ut continuo a condito hoc visibili mundo, iustissima iudicii sui lance una regna gentesque exaltat, altera pro delictis et iniquitatibus humiliat, una demancipat, altera vindicat, una extollit, altera deprimit. Ita et gentem strenuam antiquamque Cosaticam, antea nominatam Cossaricam, prius exaltaverat immoritura gloria, amplo dominio et factis heroicis , quibus non solum vicinis nationibus verum et ipsi Imperio Orientali in mari terraque fuerat formidanda adeo, ut Imperator Orientalis pacificandam illam sibi intendens, connubio iunxerit stabili propriamque dicaverit filio suo filiam Cagani, hoc est principis Cosacorum. Post glorificatus in excelsis idem iustissimus Iudex Deus pro mulliplicatis iniquitatibus et peccatis, multiludine poenarum punitam eandem Cosaticam gentem deiecit, humiliavit et, vix non aeveterna depressit ruina. Ad extremum victricibus Boleslai Chrobry el Stephani Batorii, Regum Poloniarum armis, regno Poloniae subiugavit. Et quamvis immensus et inconceptibilis in iustis iudiciis suis Deus castigans castigaverat antenatos nostros numero plagarum innumero, tamen irascens et non ad extremum in malitia perseverans volensque ad pristinum libertatis praedicatam gentem Cosaticam, excusso pro tunc gravi iugo Polonico, restituere, suscitavit zelo Orthodoxae Religionis, patriae legum et libertatum veterum, fervidum propugnatorem , strenuissimum Ducem, aeviternae memoriae Theodatum Chmielniccium, qui auxilio Eius divino, invictissimis suppetiis Serenissimi Regis Sueciae, immortalis et gloriosae memoriae Caroli X, ac unitis auxiliatricibus Dominii Crymensis et Exercitus Zaporoviensis armis suaque perspicaci industria, cura, opere et animi magnitudine, vindicato de servitute Polonorum Exercitu Zaporoviensi genteque mancipata ac oppressa Rossiaca, subdidit sese et eam sponte sua absoluto Moscovitico Imperio, confisus ipsi tanquam unionis ritu nobis uniformi, quod obligationes suas pactis conventis constitutionibusque annexas, et iuramenti ligamento connexas observaverit, et in perpetuum Exercitum Zaporoviensem gentemque liberam Ro-siacam, iuribus legum ac libertatum inviolatis sub protectione sua conservaverit; ast post obitum pie defuncli eiusdem Ducis Theodati Chmielniccii, cum idem Imperium Moscoviticum multis acquisitis modis et mediis conniteretur iisdem libertatis Exercitus Zaporoviensis iuribus fide sua confirmatis derogare ac finalem ruinam inferre , gentisque liberae, vi armorum nunquam sibi adscitae, mancipale iugum imponere; tunc quoties Exercitus Zaporoviensis in his violentiam patiebatur, toties compulsus fuerat sanguine proprio et audaci nisu integritatem legum ac libertatum suarum defendere , quarum defensioni ipse Deus iniuriarum vindex suppetiis suis propitius erat. Ad extremum cum iam nunc recenter sub auspiciis pie defuncti Ducis Illustrissimi Ioannis Mazeppae praefatum Imperium Moscoviticum intendens sua impia vota actu exequi retribuensque nobis mala pro bonis, loco grati animi, respectuumque iudiciorum pro tot tantisque fidelibus servitiis atque impensis in illa ad ultimam sui ruinam militaribus sumptibus, pro innumeris heroicis actionibus ac bello consecratis cruentis laboribus, voluerat Cosacos in regularem militiam transformare, urbes ditioni suae adigere, iura ac libertates evertere, Exercitum Zaporoviensem, in inferioribus partibus Borysthenis degentem, eradicare et nomen eius in aeternum delere , quorum omnium evidentia erant et nunc exstant indicia, documenta ac initia; tune praefatus piae memoriae Dux Illustrissimus, Ioannes Mazeppa, iusto motus zelo pro integritate patriae legum ac libertatum Exercitus Zaporoviensis, et anhelanti desiderio flagrans, in diebus Ducatis suae praeeminentiae intueri, et post decessum suum propter aeviternam nominis sui memoriam, eandem patriam nostram, ac utrumque Exercitum Zaporoviensem non modo intactis, verum ampliatis et auctis libertatibus florentem relinquere, conlulit sese invictissimae protectioni Serenissimi ac Potentissimi Regis Sueciae Caroli XII speciali divina providentia cum copiis suis in Ucrainam diversi, insistendo vestigiis antecessoris sui piae memoriae strenuissimi Ducis Theodati Chmielniccii, qui cum Serenissimo Rege Sveciae S-ae R-ae Maiestatis univoco avo Carolo X , unanimi consensu et strategematum industria in eliberanda patria sua e gravi protunc Polonica servitute conferens, non minus sortitus votis suis conforme auxilium , pro divertendis armis Polonicis. Et quamvis immensa iudicia Dei, tam zelosa pie defuncli Ducis intenta, contrario mutabilis bellorum sortis eventu non solum eluserint, sed ipsum quoque hic Benderae iura mortalitatis subeundum adigerint;

attamen orbatus post obitum antesignani sui Ducis Exercitus Zaporoviensis, non desperans optandam sibi libertatem collocansque firmam spem in auxilio Dei, in protectione Seneressimi ac Potentissimi Regis Sueciae atque in iusta sua causa, quae semper triumphare solet, ad promovendam eam propterque meliorandum militarem Ordinem constituit communi officialium Generalium laudo insistens approbanti vota sua Serenissimi Protectoris Nostri S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae menti eligendum novum Ducem, cuius electionis praefixo tempore, cum in competenti huic actui electorali loco prope Benderam ad ineundum publicum consilium cum Praeside suo, Domino Constantino Hordienko, Attamano Praetoriano, convenisset, tum omnes non dissono animo cum Generalibus, Officialibus cumque missis ab Exercitu Zaporoviensi in Siecz degenti, in unum pro veteri consuetudine legibusque antiquis eligerunt sibi liberis votis Ducem Dominum Dominum Philippum Orlik, dignum tantae Ducalis dignitatis capacemque, cum auxilio divino, suffragante sibi S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae, alta rerum intelligentia et experientia munus hoc Ducale in praesenti turbido statu onerosum et periculosum baiulare, de publicis patriae negotiis solicitam animo volvere curam, consulere, regenda regere ac dirigere. Quoniam vero nonnulli Praeteritorum Ducum adhaerentes despotico Moscovitico Imperio usurpandum sibi audaci nisu ambiebant contra ius et aequum absolutum Dominium, quo violare non erubuerant antiquas Exercitus Zaporoviensis leges et libertates non sine gravi onere plebis. Igitur Nos Generales praesentanei et Nos Attamanus Praetorianus cum Exercitu Zaporoviensi praeveniendo tantis praeiudiciis, maxime hoc ad peragendum tantum opus, commodo tempore, cum idem Exercitus Zaporoviensis non alio fine sub protectionem S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae confugerit et nunc fortiter in ea perseverat, nec vacillat, solum propter corrigendas ac sublevandas depressas leges ac libertates suas, inivimus pactum constituimusque cum Domino Domino Philippo Orlik neoelecto Duce, ut non solum Illustrissima, Excellentia Sua, in diebus felicis utinam sui Ducatis regiminis cuncta haec sequentia punctis expessa et fide sua iurata pacta et constitutiones inviolate observaret, verum etiam et a caeteris succedentibus Ducibus Exercitus Zaporoviensis ut illa immutabiliter sint conservanda, quorum tenor talis est:

Quoniam inter tres virtutes Theologicas fides primatum teneat locum, ergo in primo hoc puncto de Fide Orthodoxa Orientalis Confessionis opus exordiendum sit, qua sicut semel gens strenua Cosatica dominantibus adhuc Principibus Cosaricis a sede Constantinopolica Apostolica illuminata , ita et nunc fortiter in illa perseverans, nulla unquam exotica religione agitata fuerat; neque ignotum est, gloriosae memoriae Ducem Theodatum Chmielniccium cum Exercitu Zaporoviensi non ob aliam causam praeter iura libertatis commotum fuisse iustaque contra Rempublicam Polonam arma arripuisse, solum pro Fide sua Orlhodoxa, quae variorum gravaminum compulsu a potestate Polonorum coacta fuerat ad unionem cum Ecclesia Romana; post extirpatam quoque e patria Neoromanam exoticam Religionem , non alio motivo cum eodem Exercitu Zaporoviensi genteque Rossiaca protectione Imperii Moscovitici dedisse et libere se subdidisse, solum ob Religionis Orthodoxae unionem. Igitur modernus neoelectus lllustrissimus Dux, quando Dominus Deus fortis et potens in praeliis iuvabit felicia sacrae S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae arma ad vindicandam patriam nostram de servitutis iugo Moscovitico tenebitur et debito iure obstringetur singularem volvere curam fortiterque obstare, ut nulla exotica Religio in patriam nostram Rossiacam introducatur, quae si alicubi clamve , palamve apparuerit, tune activitatem suam extirpandae ipsi debebit, praedicari ampliarique non permittet, asseclis eiusdem, praesertim vero praestigioso Iudaismo cohabitationem in Ucraina non concedet et omni virium conatu sollicitam irnpendet curam, ut sola et una Orthodoxa Fides Orientalis Confessionis sub obedienta S-tae Apostoiicae sedis Constantinopolitanae in perpetuum sit firmanda, atque cum amplianda gloria Divina, erigendis ecclesiis exercendisque in artibus liberalibus filiis Rossiacis dilatetur, ac tanquam rosa inter spinas, inter vicina exoticae Religionis Dominia virescat et florescat. Propter vero majorem authoritatem primariae in Parva Rossia sedis Metropolitanae Kiiovensis faciliorique in Spiritualibus regimine, impositam sibi idem Illustrissimus Dux vindicata patria nostra de iugo Moscovitico geret provinciam circa procurandam et impertiendam a sede Apostolica Constantinopolitana Exarchicam primitivam potestatem, ut hoc actu renovetur relatio et filialis patriae nostrae obedientia ad praefatam Apostolicam sedem Constantinopolitanam, cuius praedicatione Evangelii in Fide Sancta Catholica illuminari firmarique dignata est.

II.

Sicut omne dominium integritate limitum inviolata consistit, et stabilitur, ita et Parva Rossia, patria nostra, in suis limitibus , pactis conventis a Republica Polona, praefulgita Porta Ottomanica et Imperio Moscovitico confirmatis, praecipue in his, qui ad flumen Slucz sub regimen Theodati Chmielniccii ab eadem Republica Polona possesioni Ducali Exercitusque Zaporoviensis adsciti, in perpetum restituti et robore pactorum confirmati, vim praeiudiciumque patiatur, obligationis erit Illustrissimi Ducis tempore Tractatuum S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae circa hoc negotium agere curam et fortiter qua potest arte valere , ubi res agendi interfuerit obstare , praesertim vero supplici prece S-am R-am Maiestatem Dominum suum clementissimum, tanquam tutorem, defensorem ac protectorem compellare, ut S-a Sua Maiestas nemini permittat nonmodo leges et libertates, ast et limites patrios violare sibique appropriare. Insuper Illustrissimi Ducis erit peracto feliciter utinam bello impertiri a S-a R-a Maiestate Sueciae talem Tractatum assecurationemque, ut S-a Sua Maiestas ac successores ipsius Serenissimi Reges Sueciae perpetuorum Ucrainae Protectorum titulo gaudeant et actu existant pro futuro patriae nostrae munimine conservandaque eius indemnitate in legibus privilegiis et limitibus. Pariter supplicandum erit Illustrissimo Duci ad S-am R-am Maie-statem ut pactis Maiestatis Suae cum Imperio Moscovitico conveniendis adiungatur tam restitutio post finitum bellum libertati captivorum nostrorum, in Imperio Moscovitico degentium, quam iusta damnorum omnium vi armorum, Ucrainae illatorum , recompensa. Specialiter vero hoc petendum et curandum sit Illustrissimo Duci apud S-am R-am Maiestatem supererit, ut captivi nostri in Regno Maiestatis Suae existentes, in patriam suam libere liberi redeant.

III.

Quoniam originem suam geneologicam gens antea Cosarica, post nominata Cosatica a strenuis et invictis Gethis ducit desumitque, insuper et iura amicae vicinitatis stricto imo sympathico amoris nexu eandem gentem Cosaticam cum Dominio Crymensi accopulat coniungitque, cum quo non semel Exercitus Zaporoviensis unionem armorum iniverat ac auxiliares vires in tuitionem sui patriae et libertatum suarum assumpserat. Igitur quantum in praesenti rerum statu possibile sit , curandum sibi ducat Illustrissimus Dux apud Serenissimum Hanum per legatos renovandam veterem cum Dominio Crymensi confraternitatem colliganda arma et confirmandam perpetuam amicitiam , quibus in successum vicinae regiones animadversis ne ferantur audaci nisu in ambitum subiugandae sibi Ucrainae in vimque ipsi inferendam. Peracto autem bello cum Dominus Deus auxilio suo benedixerit neoelecto Duci cum optabili votisque nostris conformi pace residentiam Ducalem possidendam fore , tunc omni virium intensione et perspicaci diligentia attendere huic pro munere ministerii sui obligatus fuerit, ne in minimo quoque cum Dominio Crimensi stabilitum foedus et confraternitas licentioso ex nostra parte exorbitantium ausu laedatur violeturque, qui assuetudine peccandi inhabituati non solum iura vicinitatis ac amicitiae , ast et foedera pacis rumpere et vertere non erubescunt.

IV.

Exercitus Zaporoviensis Inferioris Borysthenis partis uti immortalem sibi gloriam innumeris heroicis actionibus terra marique promeruit, ita et amplis beneficiorum privilegiis praemiatus fuerat pro communi suo commodo et usu , sed cum Imperium Moscoviticum procurando varios modos ad opprimendum depraedandumque illum erexerit in fundis ac ditionibus ipsius propriis tum oppida Samariensia, tum et fortalicia ad Borysthenem situata, quo actu in piscando et venando eidem Exercitui Zaporoviensi praepedimentum , damnum, iniuriam, praeiudicium ac depressionem intulerat. Ad extremum sedem militarem Siecz antemurale Zaporoviensium fugibundo Marte in ruinam redigerat. Igitur post conclusum utinam felici eventu bellum (si nunc praefatus Exercitus Zaporoviensis easdem ditiones suas et Borysthenem a violenta Moscorum possessione non vindicaverit) curandum impendet Illustrissimo Duci inter pacta S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae cum Imperio Moscovitico de alma pace convenienda, ut Borysthenes et fundi Exercitus Zaporoviensis ab oppidis et fortaliciis Moscoviticis evacuentur ac primitivae possessioni eiusdem Exercitus restituantur , ubi in successum neque fortalitiorum extruendorum , neque oppidorum pagorumque cum praefixo libertatis termino situandorum, neque alio aliquo modo et praetextu devastandarum harum Exercitus Zaporoviensis ditionum ulli unquam non modo concedenda sibi ab Illuslrissimo Duce licentia , verum et omne Exercitui Zaporoviensi in tuitionem earum adhibendum sit suffragium.

Civitas Terechtemirow quoniam ab antiquo possessionatus iure ad Exercitum Zaporoviensem Inferiorem ferebatur Xenodochiique ipsius titulo fungebatur, igitur et nunc liberata utinam patria nostra de servitute Moscovitica non praetermittet Illustrissimus Dux eandem civitatem Terechtemirow Exercitui Zaporoviensi Inferiori cum omnibus attinentiis et cum traiectu ibidem ad flumen Borysthenis existente restituendam, Xenodochium in ea pro Cosacis longo senio pressis extremaque egestate oppressis, atque cicatricibus lassatis, sumptu publico erigendum, nec non victum et amictum illis procurandum fore. Itidem Borysthenem de-super a Perevoloczna ad inferiora meantem loca, traiectum Perewolocensem ipsamque urbem Perewolocznam cum oppido Kereberda et fluvium Worsklo cum molinis, in Chiliarchatu Poltaviensi situatis, et fortalicium Kodacense cum omnibus accidentiis tenebitur Illustrissimus Dux successoresque eius pro veteri legum ac privilegiorum iure penes Exercitum Zaporoviensem conservare, nemini de Spirituali et Seculari Ordine primorum concessa in Borysthene a Perevoloczna ad inferiores eius partes piscandi late sumenda libertate; singulariter in campis desertis fluvii, fluvioli et omnia loca signata usque Oczacoviam nullius alii solum Exercitus Zaporoviensis usum ac possessionem concernere debent.

VI.

Si in absolutis Dominiis gloriosus ac statui publico utilis observatur in hoc ordo tam in sago, quam in toga, de communi patriae commodo privata ac publica absolvi soleant consilia, in quibus et ipsi absoluti Domini praesentia Maiestatis Suae eminendo non renituntur consensum suum communi Ministrorum Consiliariorumque suorum arbitrio et laudo submittere; et quidni in libera natione talis salutaris observaretur ordo? Qui et in Exercitu Zaporoviensi anteactis temporibus pro veteri libertatum iure penes Ducales fasces continebatur et continuebatur, tamen cum nonnulli Exercitus Zaporoviensis Duces usurpata sibi contra omne fas et aequum absoluta potestate, statuerint propria authoritate hanc legem : Sic volo , sic iubeo. Quo despotico iure Ministerio Ducali incompetente introducti sunt in patriam et Exercitum Zaporoviensem multi disordines, legum et libertatum eversiones, publica gravamina, violentae ct appretiatae ofiicioruin militarium dispositiones, levis Generalium, Colonellorum et insignium commilitonum aestimatio. Igitur Nos Generales, Attamanus Praetorianus et totus Exercitus Zaporoviensis pactum fecimus statuimusque cum lllustrissimo Duce in actu electionis Suae Excellentiae talem legem in perpetuum in Exercitu Zaporoviensi conservandam, ut in patria nostra Primores essent ConsiIiarii Generales Officiales, tam respectu Ministeriorum suorum primariorum, quam continuae ad latus Ducum residentiae; post illos autem consueto ordine Colonelli civiles simili publicorum consiliariorum charactere dignentur; insuper de quolibet chiliarchatu singulos insignes veteranos , prudentes et bene meritos viros pro inendo publico consilio cum consensu Ducis eligendos fore necesse est, cum quibus Generalibus primoribus, Colonellis et Generalibus Consiliariis consulendum expedit moderno IIlustrissimo Duci et successoribus eius de integritate patriae, de bono eius communi , et de omnibus negotiis publicis, nihil sine praevio ipsorum consilio et consensu, privata authoritate inchoandum, statuendum et effectuandum. Qua propter nunc ad electionem Ducalem unanimi omnium laudo assignantur tria Generalia Consilia, quolibet anno in Residentia Ducali obeunda. 1-rnum inter festa Nativitatis Christi. 2-dum inter festa Paschatis. 3-tium feriis protectionis Beatissirnae Deiparae, quibus consiliis non solum Colonelli cum suis Officialibus et Centurionibus, non solum ex omnibus Chiliarchatibus Generales Consiliarii, ast et de Exercitu Zaporoviensi Inferiori pro attendendo et consultando legati praemisso Ducis mandato debito obligationis iure obstricti tenebuntur adesse et prodesse nihil de praefixo tempore praetermisso; ubi quidquid ab IIlustrissimo Duce publicum consilium concernens proponetur, huic toti pura mente exclusis omnibus privati sui et alieni lucri respectibus, sine nefario livore et zelo vindictae, recta subininistrare consilia obligati fuerint adeo, ne haec perficiantur cum ulla honoris Ducalis detractione, cum publico patriae gravamine, ruina absit vero et pernicie. Si vero extra hos praefatos Generalibus Consiliis praefixos terminos contigerint aliqua negotia irremissibiliter curanda, corrigenda et expedienda, tunc Illustrissimus Dux pollebit omni potestatis et auctoritatis libertate regendorum dirigendorumque talium negotiorum cum consilio Generalium Primorum. Itidem si pervenerint aliquae literae de extraneis regnis ac regionibus ad IIIustrissimum Ducem destinatae, tunc eas oportebit excellentiaim suam Primoribus Generalibus communicaturam responsoriasque manifestaturam, neque occultaturam fore correspondentias literales, praecipue exoticas, et illas, quae possunt integritati patriae bonoque publico damnum inferre. Ut vero efficacior interveniat Duci in peragendis secretis et publicis consiliis cum Generalibus Primoribus, Colonellis Generalibusque Consiliariis communicativa confidentia, cuilibet eorum in obeundo officio suo, fides patriae, fidelitas candida Duci, observantia munerum ministerio suo corporaliter secundum formam iuramenti publico laudo contextam iuranda sit. Et si quid aequitati dissoni ac devii legibus libertatibusve nocivi et patriae inutilis in Illustrissimo Duce annoteretur, tunc iidem Generales Colonelli el Consiliarii activa vocum utentur libertate , privatim vel, sive cum extrema et irremeabilis exigent necessitas publice in consilio exprobrandi Suam Excellentiam, et de violandis legibus ac liberlatibus patriis interpellandi sine detraclione minimaque summi Ducalis honoris laesione; pro quibus exprobrationibus non indignandum sit Illustrissimo Duci, neque vindicandum, imo transversis corrigenda procurabit. Singulariter quilibet Generalium Consiliariorum in suo Chiliarchatu, de quo in Curules Consiliariatus publici electorali voto promovebitur fortem se aget insimul cum Colonello Civili in attendendo Ordini dirigendoque, illo communis consilii remigio, contra audenter eundo intuitionem iniuriandae aggravandaeque plebis. Et sicut Generales Primores, Colonelli Generalesque Consiliarii obligatis se de correlativo iure tenentur ad cultuandum Illustrissimum Ducem omni observantia, ad praestandum ipsi debitum honorem et fidelem obedientiam , ita et Illustrissimo Duci expedit mutuo ipsos observare, pro commilitonibus et non pro servis habere el mancipaliter sibi assistentibus censere, non cogendo illos consulto in vilipendium personarum ad adstandum sibi publicum incongruum et indecorum, praeter ubi hoc occasio et necessitas expostulabit.

VII.

Si quis ex Primoribus Generalibus, Colonellis, Generalibus Consiliariis insignibus Commilitonibus caeterisque omnibus Officialibus, insuper et gregariis, crimenve laesi Ducalis honoris nefario ausu comimserit, aliove aliquo casu culpabilis apparuerit, tunc tales criminis reos ipse Illustrissimus Dux privata Sua vindicta et activitate punire non debet, sed talis criminalisve, accidentalisve causa Generali iudicio committenda sit , unde qualis non in favorem, neque hypocrisis feretur sententia, cuilibet iure victo subeunda restet.

VIII.

Per eosdem Generates Primores, continuo lateri Ducis adhaerentes, omnia publica negotia, quae a cuius munere ministerii dependebunt, deferenda sint Illustrissimo Duci, et declaratio recipienda non vero per domesticos Ducis particulares servos , qui nullis legalitatibus, interpositionibus negotiisque militaribus immiscendi, ac absolvendis legationibus vel minimis publicis applicandi sint.

IX.

Quoniam ab antiquo in Exercitu Zaporoviensi semper Thesaurarios Generales fuisse scimus, qui aerario publico, molinis omnibusque publicis proventibus et tributariis pensionibus attendebant, ac omnia haec pro libitu et assensu Ducis disponebant, igitur et nunc talis ordo communi pacto statuitur et immutabili lege constituitur, ut liberata utinam Patria nostra de Moscovitico iugo, iudicio Ducali et consensu publico eligatur Thesaurarius Generalis, vir insignis, emeritus, dives opum et rectus corde, qui aerario publico suam tutelam impenderet, molinis et omnibus reditibus attenderet, illisque necessitati publicae, non vero suae privatae, stante sententia Ducis, succurreret. Ipse autem Illustrissimus Dux supra publicum aerarium reditusque ipsum concernentes, nullum debet extendere ius et praetensionem, neque personali usui vertere, Sua contentus sorte et reditibus clavam et personam Ducalem spectantibus, scilicet inducta Chiliarchatu Hadiacensi, districtu Szeptacoviensi, bonis Poczepoviensibus et Obolonensibus caeterisque proventibus, publico laudo antiquitus muneri Ducali destitutis; plus vero Illustrissimo Duci ditionum bonorumque Exercitus Zaporoviensis communium, ne sit absoluta potestate usurpandum aliisque minus de patria meritis, praecipue monachis, praesbyteris, viduis improlibus, tribunis plebis gregariisque servis, aulicis el privatis personis distribuendum. Et non duntaxat modo lateri Ducali applicandus Thesaurarius debet eligi et ad stabiliendam Ducalem sedem praesentaneus esse, verum etiam in quolibet Chiliarchatu duo Thesaurarii pariter iurati viri insignes et locupletes ex communi Colonelli ac utriusque status equestris et plebeii praesidum laudo asserendi, qui Chiliarchatus civiliumque reditus et publica tributa scirent, ac illa tutellae erogationique suae commissa haberent, nec non omni anno rationem villicationis suae redderent. Hi ergo Thesaurarii Chiliarchatuum habita correlativa dependentia a Thesaurario Generali rnunere suo fungentur in Chiliarchatibus suis debitos publico aerario reditus investigandi, illos colligendi manibusque Generalis Thesaurarii retribuendi. Dominis Colonellis autein nullum itidem praetendendum sit interesse aerarii Chiliarchatus, sed contenti esse debent proventibus et beneficiis officii sui.

Sicut omnis partiae Exercitusque Zaporoviensis ordo pro munere ministerii ab Illustrissimo Duce regendus introspiciendusque sit, ita praecipue solicita cura huic invigilandum incumbit, ne populo gregario et plebeio nimia imponentur gravamina, opressiones et violentae extorsiones, quibus compulsi, relictis suis incolatibus, aliena solent petere regna et extra patrios limites pro allevandis tantis oneribus commodiorem, molliorem placidioremque quaerere vitam. Qua propter ne Domini Colonelli, Centuriones, Attamani, Officiales ac Tribuni plebis plus audeant operationes suas domesticas familiares et particulares, gregario plebeioque hoc, praesertim, qui nec ministerio eorum stricta dependentia subditur, nec personalem concernit possessionem, expedire falcandum foenum, ad colligendam messem, ad muniendos aggeres adigere, rapinis violentaque fundorum emptione, vim inferre, pro vili aliqua culpa de tota substantia mobili ac immobili spoliare. Artifices absque solutione ad perficienda domestica artem ipsorum mechanicam spectantia opera cogere Cosacisque privatas rmssiones absolvere, tenebitur Illustrissimus Dux ea, qua pollet activitate, tantos abusus prohibere ipseque illos imitando exemplo evitare, atque adimplere. Quandoquidem vero omnia gravamina et rapinae in oppressionem miserae gentis plebeiae originem suam ducunt de ambitionis pretio subsellia petentibus et appetentibus, qui non fidendo nec fundando se in mentis ambiendoque insatiabili appetitu pro privato suo lucro curules equestres plebeiosque corrumpunt captantque Ducis animum illicio munerum, quibus nituntur sine liberis votis contra ius et aequum in apicem dignitatum Chiliarchalium caeterorumque ministeriorum. Igitur serio statuitur, ne Illustrissimus Dux omni munerum genere respectibusque ductus ulli praevia appretiatione fasces Chiliarchales aliaque equestria et plebeia officia conferat, vique illata in illa intrudat, sed semper tum equestres cum et plebeii Officiales, et praesertim Colonelli eligendi sint liberis vocibus et votis, et post electionem Ducali potcstate confirmandi; tamen horum Tribunorum electio non sine consensu Ducali celebranda absolvendaque sit. Eandem legem incumbit et Colonellis observare, nec appretiata dextra privatisque respectibus sine liberis totius districtus suffragiis, Centuriones aliosque Officiales creare ac propter particulares offensas de officiis deponere.

XI.

Viduae Cosacorum uxores orbataque illorum proles, domus Cosaticae et uxores, eorum absentibus maritis, cum operi belli vel quibuscunque servitiis militaribus accincti fuerint, ne ad ulla ferenda plebi debita ac communia onera adigantur, extorsionibus tributariis aggraventur pactum sancitumque est.

XII.

Non minus Civitatibus Ucrainensibus inde oritur imponiturque gravamen, quod multae villae in subsidium publicorum onerum stricta antea dependentia illis incorporatae ad possessionem variorum tenutariorum spiritualium seculariomque redactae fuerint, incolans autem illas plebs extenuata obligatur sine omni alleviatione eadem ferre onera, quae cum subsidio avulsarum redectarumque villarum baiulaverat. Igitur pacificata a bellorum turbine liberataque a Moscovitica servitute patria nostra Generalis statuenda adimplendaque sit per destitutos Commissarios Revisio omnium publicae sortis ditionum possessarum, atque alto Generalis in praesentia Ducis Consilii, iudicio committenda, cuius laudo sancitoque statuetur: cui competit, et cui non possessione bonorum ac ditionum communium frui, et qualia sint possessoribus vectigalia qualisque obedientia a subditis praestanda. Similiter et exinde miserae abiectaeque plebi augentur gravamina, quod multi Cosaci locupletiores, plebeios sub praetextu vicinitatis iuris ditioni suae adscitos protegunt ab omni onere urbano villanoque. Mercatores vero opulentiores gloriandi tum libertationibus Ducalibus, cum et protectrici Colonellorum tutela evitant baiulanda publica onera sibi competentia renitentque praestando subsidio miserae plebi. Qua propter Illustrissimus Dux Universalibus suis non praetermittet restituere tam rusticos a Caesaris protectos, quam et mercatores tolerandis publicis oneribus prohibereque, ne amplius protegantur.

XIII.

Metropolis Urbs Rossiae, Kiiovia, caeteraeque Ucrainae civitates in omnibus suis legibus ac privilegiis aequo iure collatis, inviolatae ac intactae ut conserventur, authoritate huius Actus Electoralis statuitur et confirmandum hoc suo tempore Ducali potestati committitur.

XIV.

Inter caetera gravaminum genera , quibus plebs et gregarii Cosaci in Roxolana patria nostra opprimuntur , non potest dari major populi depressio et extenuatio, quam quae promanat ex congressu adeuntium, redentium, itinerariorum ex sancitisque impracticato iure publicis vehiculariis cursibus concomitantibus et honorariis, quibus misera plebs et Cosaci gregarii ad incitas redacti; quoniam multi el innumerabiles peregrini et patriti cuiuslibet status et ordinis sive in publicis, sive privatis suis negotiis iter sibi confixum capessendo per Roxolanas utriusque partis Borysthenis urbes ac villas, saepissime vero et servi personales non solum Ducis, sed Generalium Primorum, Colonellorum, Centurionum et insignium Commilitonum, insuper et Spiritualium praesidum obeundo qualemcunque missionem. Nonnuili autem suo studio et necessitate accingendo se itineri cogunt urbium, oppidorum et pagorum praesides ad offerenda sibi insolita honoraria, victum, potum, vecturam, concomitatum et vigiliam. Multi autem tales dantur impii raptores, praecipue ex servis, qui nulla prorsus praemissa necessitate assignant immensum numerum vehiculariorum equorum, quem cum praesides urbani sive villani adimplere nequeant, tunc probrosis verbis ac verberibus consulto ad implendum adigunt, ut illos praefati Praesides de alleviatione convenienda pecuniariis placeant offertoriis. Nonnulli vero vectorios equos securo ducunt, et sive illos vendicant, sive vendunt. Solent etiam dari multi inter Generales, Colonellos caeterosque spiritualis et secularis Ordinis Primores, qui praesides urbanos adigunt ad reparandos suos sumptu civili currus, ad praeparanda et extradenda servis suis varii generis indumenta; insuper non erubescunt Curias sollicitare exigereque per substitutos ac instructos servos aromata aliaque coquinae suae necessaria. Interea et ipsi Praesides captando sibi benevolentiam respectusque et appetendo gloriam nominis sui omnem transeuntibus quamvis in suis privatis et non in publicis negotiis Primoribus servisque eorum accommodant sufficientiam. Saepe etiam et ipsi Praesides, praesertim oppidorum et villarum hilari vultu acceptant captantque occasiones praestandae hospitalitatis advenis, quibus suppeditato exiguo victu et potu, sub praetextu tantae hospitalitatis sumunt varios potus ac satis bibunt, victualia autem inter se distribuunt, inserendo haec omnia codicibus ratiocinariis inter expensas, qua de causa plebem non solum debitis et vectigalibus tributis aggravant, verum ad extremam egestatem redigunt. Igitur IIliistrissimus Dux pacificata patria e praesenti turbine et vindicata illa a iugo Moscorum, instituere non gravabitur cum alleviatione populi publica, in omnibus regiminis sui urbibus talem ordinem, ut in qualibet civitate iuratus sit. Thesaurarius, dependens a Thesaurario Chiliarchatus, qui omnibus reditibus et expensis publicis cura et tutela sua attenderet, et vera codicibus rationariis annecteret, ex quorum calculatione singulis annis perficienda , si convictus fuerit in debitis et in iustis expensis, tunc hoc proprio ipsius aere in recompensam civitati restituendum sit; qua propter codicibus expensi inserendum ipsi incumbit, in quovis negotio itineri accinctus fuerit, cum cuius literis salvi passus et qualis in illis exprimetur viatica commoditas. Et praecipue Illustrissimus Dux applicabit salutiferam curam ad extirpandum in patria nostra publicum vehicularium cursum, concomitatum et extorsiva vehicularia et honoraria, conformando se statui externarum regionum, in quibus nullibi observatur talis impia plebique gravis consuetudo. Pro transferendis autem literis exemplo et ritu peregrinorum Dominiorum, instituet Illustrissimus Dux publico sumptu in certis regiminis sui Chiliarchatibus cursum publicum, de quo in Generali Consilio fusius et efficatius consulendum, pactandum et constituendum sit.

XV.

Quandoquidem arendae pro stipendio annali Companiae et Serdiucis, aliisque expensis publicis constitutae communi oneri ab omnibus incolis Roxolanis, equestribus et plebeis, itidem stativa Companiensia et Serdiucensia incommodo et aggravationi imputantur, igitur tam arendae, quam et praefata stativa rejicienda sint et omnino delenda. Unde autem Thesaurus publicus ruinatus pro expediendis publicis negotiis, adimplendisque expensis reparandus restituendusque et quantae copiae stipendiariae equestres et pedestres post peractum bellum ad latus Illustrissimi Ducis in servitiis militaribus conservandae sint, hoc in Generali Consilio diiudicetur et stabilietur.

XVI.

Saepissime misera plebs clamat vindictam, quaerulosque interponit dolores, quod tam Tenutarii inductae, quam et Commissarii Nundinarii multis illam, iisque insolitis ac innumeris infestant extorsionibus, quibus obstantibus datur misero homini impossibilitas libero passu nundinas adeundi, viles res pro subsidio egestatis suae vendendi, aut pro domestica necessitate aliquid comparandi absque vectigali nundinario; et si vel in minimo culpabilis apparuerit, tunc a capite usque ad calcem spoliari a Commissariis Nundinariis debebit. Igitur tenutarii inductae eorumque substituti de his solum mercibus, et tantum de inductione et evectione earum ad publicum aerarium exigant, quantum Universales contractus literae sonabunt, nihil prorsus supervacanei a mercatoribiis extorquendo. Itidem Commissiarii Nundinarii, ut solum munus nundinarium ab iis, qui ad hoc sunt obligati et non ab egenis hominibus provendenda vel comparanda vilire domesticae necessitatis causa nundinas adeuntibus recipiant. Nulla iudicia non tantum in causis criminalibus, sed et in accidentalibus peragant, neque insolitas extorsiones et gravamina populo et civitatibus inferunt, attendet huic lllustrissimus Dux sagaci mente, solita cura et Ducali authoritate, cuius magno animo omnia in patria regenda ac corrigenda iura libertatis publicae inviolabili observantiae et tutelae, Pacta autem illa et Constitutiones efficaci executioni committuntur, quas Sua Excellentia subscriptione manus propriae et sigillo publico, sed et formali iuramento dignata est confirmare. Quod se taliter habet:

Ego Philippus Orlik , Neoelectus Exercitus Zaporoviensis Dux, iuro in Dominum Deum, in Trinitate Sancta glorificatum, supra hoc: quod cum fuerim liberis vocibus et votis pro veteri lege et consuetudine patria, cum consensu S-ae R-ae Maiestatis Sueciae, Protectoris Nostri, a Generalibus Primoribus et a toto Exercitu Zaporoviensi, ad latus eiusdem S-ae R-ae Maiestatis, et ad rippas inferiores Borystenis existente per legatos electus, declaratus et evectus, in insignem praeeminentiam Ducalem, uti haec omnia Pacta et Constitutiones, hic annexas et unanimi consilii sensu in Actu praesentis electionis inter me et eundem Exercitum Zaporoviensem conventas, in legem adductas et stabilitas in omnibus punctis, commatibus ac periodis et clausulis immutabiliter adimplere, amore fide et solicita cura pro bono Roxolanae patriae, Matris Nostrae, communi et integritate eius publica ardere, in ampliandas leges ac libertates Exercitus Zaporoviensis omni qua potuero arte viriumque conatu valere ferri, nullas factiosas cum exoticis dominiis ac gentibus, et intra patriam, in ruinam et qualemcunque eius damnificationem cointelligentias inire, arcanas ab exteris allegationes, patriae iuribusque libertatis nocivas Generalibus Primoribus, Colonellis et cuius hoc officii erit revellare, dignis et bene de patria meritis personis observantiam, nec non omnibus utriusque superioris et inferioris Ordinis commilitonibus, bene se gerentibus dilectionem, criminis vero consciis secundum iurium articulos poenam exhibere et conservare spondeo et debeo; ita me Deus adiuvet illibatum Evangelium ac innocens Passio Christi. Et haec omnia subscriptione manus meae propriae et sigillo publico munio confirmoque. Actum Benderae, anno Domini 1710, Aprilis 5-ta d.

CONFIRMATIO HORUM PACTORUM A REGE SUECIAE.

Nos Carolus XII., Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gottorum Vandalorumque Rex, Magnus Princeps Finlandiae, Dux Scaniae, Esthoniae, Livoniae, Careliae, Bremae, Verdae, Stetini, Pomeraniae, Cassubiae et Vandaliae, Princeps Rugiae, Dominus Ingriae et Wismariae, nec non Comes Palalinus Rheni, Bavariae, Iuliaci, Cliviae et Montium Dux, etc., etc. Omnibus et singulis, quorum interest, aut quoquo modo interesse potuerit, notum testatumque facimus: Quod quum inclyta Gens Rossiaca atque universus Exercitus Zaporoviensis unanimis votis et suffragiis sibi Ducem eligerit, Illustrissimum Dominum Dominum Philippum Orlik in locum pie defuncti Ducis Iohannis Mazeppae, atque in certas leges et conditiones cum eodem, de rite et secundum antiquas patriae constitutiones administranda Republica, deque tuenda avita religione atque illibata conservanda libertate et privilegiis omnium et singulorum consenserit, humillime a nobis petens, ut quae ita liberis animis vocibusque in aequam constantem et nunquam temerandam imperandi et parendi formam concepta, conclusa et sancita sunt, authoritate Nostra Regia corroboraremus et rata esse iuberemus. Nos proinde non minus quam praedecessores Nostri gloriosae memoriae Reges Sueciae inclytam Gentem Rossiacam atque universum Exercitum Zaporoviensem singulari gratia et favore prosecuti sumus, eiusdem commodis ac incrementis impense studuimus, praedictas conditiones seu Pacta et Constitutiones legum libertatumque Exercitus Zaporoviensis inter Illustrissimum Ducem Dominum Dominum Philippum Orlik et Primores Gentis Rossiacae, nec non inter eiusdem Exercitum Zaporoviensem publico utriusque partis laudo conclusas ac in libera eleclione ab eodem Illustrissimo Duce die 5-ta Aprilis, anno 1710, iurisiurandi religione confirmatas vidimus, approbavimus et rati habuimus , quemadmodum Nos eadem, ut pote quae non alium scopum sibi praefixum habent, quam salutem el utilitatem publicam hisce approbamus et rati habemus, verbo Regio Nostro spondentes, Nos easdem semper protecturos. In quorum omnium majorem fidem Instrumentum hoc corfirmatorium manu Nostra subscriptum, Regio Nostro sigillo corroborari iussimus. Dabamus ad urbem Benderam die Mai X, anno Domini MDCCX.

Carolus

L. S. H. G. von Mullern.

PERORATIO AD S-AM R-AM MAIESTATEM SUECIAE DUCIS DOMINI PHILIPPI ORLIK, POST SUAM ELECTIONEM ET CONFIRMATIONEM HABITA.

Sistor tibi, Fortissime ac Fortunatissime Rex, neoelectus Dux Exercitus Zaporoviensis. Cadere debueram nisi S-ae V-ae R-ae Maiestatis hostibus formidabilis, fidelibus autem subditis benevola dextera cadentem fulciret, labentem suffragaretur.Egone, Potentissime Rex, magnitudinem nominis et ominis Ioannis Mazeppae, quorum maior in nostra patria non surrexit adimplebo? Qui nondum mensuram meritorum adimplevi? Ego ne ruenti inpraeceps Rossiacae patriae zodiaco baiulos submovebo humeros incapax tanti honoris, plus dicam oneris Athlas? Ego ne quassatam tot turbinibus el procellis Rossiacam navim ad aureas ferreo hoc saeculo insulas regam et dirigam, inassuetus tanti regiminis et muniminis Argonaut ? Ego ne custoditam Moscovitico dracone pulchram Ariadnam, patriam nostram, ex labyrintho immanis servitutis in antiquam reducam libertatem erraticus per variarum ambages viarum Thesaeus? Favebis, tamen, Clementissime Rex, publicis Votis nostris Exercitumque Zaporoviensem plusquam sub Aiacis clypeo, sub inconcusso protectionis suae umbone fovebis. Beabis promontorio bonae spei fractam densis fluctibus Rossiacam cymbam. Propulsabis Moscoviticum portentum heroico pectore, quo magnanimum gestas leonem. Ego vero opus manuum Tuarum dum Ducales capesso curules, immortales creatori meo, S-ae V-ae R-ae Maiestati, ad aras et arma eius consecro gratiarum actiones milleque basiis victricem S-ae V-ae R-ae Maiestatis veneror dextram.

DIPLOMA ASSECURATORIUM PRO DUCE ET EXERCITU ZAPOROVIENSI.

Nos Carolus, Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gottorum Vandalorumque Rex et cet., universis et singulis, quorum interest, aut quoquo modo interesse poterit, notum hisce testatumque facimus, quod quum Illustrissimus Dux Exercitus Zaporoviensis Dominus Philippus Orlik, atque inclyta Gens Rossiaca sub iugo impotentis Dominationis Moscoviticae anhelantes , et tantum non defessi innumeris istis calamitatibus et iniuriis, quas inde a multis retro annis contra ius et fas coacti fuerant sufferre ad opem et tutelam nostram confugerint, subque variis fortunae ictibus non modo dignam fortibus viris constantiam et intemeritam erga Nos fidem conservaverint, verunm etiam postquam auspicia nostra seculi socia Nobiscum arma contra communem hostem iuxerunt, tot tantaque documenta fortitudinis ac fidelitatis suae Nobis dederunt, ut certo persuasi sumus eosdem non destituros ab honesto hoc proposito suo, priusquam asserta in libertatem patria sua, Moscorum dominatio refrenetur atque intra iustos cancellos reducatur. Nos idcirco, qui non minus quam predecessores Nostri gloriosissimae memoriae Reges Sueciae saluti ac libertati inclytae Gentis Rossiacae huius impense sludemus eamque semper auctiorem ac magis florentem reddere cupimus, publico hoc Diplomate declaramus, quod iustissima arma, quae contra Czaarum Moscoviae sumere coacti fuimus, non simus deposituri, aut aliquas pacis conditiones admissuri, nisi simul Illustrissimus Dux et Exercitus Zaporoviensis una cum universa Gente Rossiaca, exuto Moscovitico iugo, in pristinam libertatem plene restituantur atque securitati eorum limitumque integritati per futurum pacificationis Tractatum, quovis meliori modo prospiciatur provideaturque, ne a potentioribus vicinis quovis sub praetextu opprimantur, aut iuribus eorum in posterum quidquam derogetur. Verbo Nostro Regio insuper spondentes omnes eos, qui communicato prius Nobiscum consilio in societatem armorum cum bellicosa hac Gentie venire volent contra communem hostem, paria studia et officia Nostra in procurandis ipsorum commodis atque efficaciter luendis illorum iuribus esse experturos, quam primum de pace restauranda fuerit laboratum. In quorum omnium maiorem fidem Diploma hoc assecuratorium, manu Nostra signatum Regio Sigillo corroborari iussimus. Dabamus ad Urbem Benderam die X Maii, anno MDCCX.

Carolus

Locus Sigilli H. G. von Mullern

Bertil Haggman (Sweden)

A FEW NOTES ON HETMAN PYLYP ORLYK, HIS FAMILY, AND THE MAZEPISTS WHILE IN EXILE IN SWEDEN (1715 – 1720)

Hetman Pylyp Orlyk was the successor of Hetman Ivan Mazepa. After the battle of Poltava in 1709 both King Charles XII of Sweden and Hetman Mazepa had retreated to Ottoman territory and settled in Bendery (present day Moldavia). After the death of Hetman Mazepa in the fall of 1709 Orlyk was elected hetman of Ukraine. In 1710 Orlyk was the main author of Ukraine’s first constitution, 300 years ago.

The purpose of this essay is to present a few notes on the stay of Hetman Orlyk, his family and government-in-exile in Sweden from 1715 to 1720 [1]. Pylyp Orlyk was born in 1672. He was of Lithuanian-Czech origin and well eductated (he wrote fluently in for instance Latin and German). The education of the future hetman started in the Jesuit College in Vilnius and continued at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. From 1698 to 1700 Orlyk was secretary of the Metropolitan of Kyiv and then senior military chancellor of the Kozak Host. Later Orlyk was appointed regent (superintendent) of the General Military Chancellory of the Hetmanate (1700 – 1706). His rise to power came with his position as General Chancellor of Ivan Mazepa starting in 1706. That year he also became Mazepa’s closest adviser.

In 1713, when Charles XII was planning to return to Sweden he invited the hetman, family and government to go into exile in Sweden. The journey from Bendery to Sweden was planned and executed by Swedish General Axel Sparre (1652 – 1728).

According to a report by Sparre of March 1713 the total number of Swedes was 1,007. Of this the main part was civilians. The rest was a number of generals, officers, staff and soldiers [2]. In the fall of 1714 Orlyk and his family along with the government started the long journey across Europe. They arrived in Stralsund on the German Baltic Sea coast, the capital of Swedish Pomerania, in the spring of 1715. They were far from secure.

First a few words on Swedish Pomerania (German: Schwedisch Pommern). Pomerania is situated between today’s Germany and Poland on the southern Baltic Sea coast. After the Thirty Years’ War (1618 – 1648) Sweden held several territories in Germany of which Pomerania was one. The Swedish army controlled Pomerania from the Treaty of Stettin in 1630 and at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Sweden received Western Pomerania (German: Vorpommern) with the three islands Ruegen, Usedom and Wolin, and also a strip of land of Eastern Pomerania (German: Hinterpommern).

Sweden held different parts of Pomerania until the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when the territory was handed over to Prussia.

Not much is known about the Ukrainians during their stay in Swedish Pomerania. A former monastery, Grahlhof, was the residence of the Orlyks during the stay.

King Charles XII stayed in central Stralsund after his arrival in 1714 from where he commanded the defense of the city against a large force of Danes, Prussians and Saxons (around 50,000). The king planned an offensive breakout from the beleaguered city. For this he had 10,000 officers and men including the city defense forces.

An attempt by Sweden to dominate the southern Baltic Sea with naval forces had failed during 1715. The Swedish fleet suffered several defeats against Danish war fleets.

In Stralsund starvation was an immediate concern. In November 1715 enemy forces started bombarding the city itself and on November 15 around 10,000 enemy troops were landed at Palmer Ort on the island of Ruegen, mostly Danes. At the village of Stresow on the road to Stralsund the invading force was met by 2,000 Swedish infantrymen led by the king. After losing 600 men the Swedish force had to retreat behind the walls of the city. The situation was catastrophic and the king left Pomerania in a small ship to return to the southern Swedish province of Scania.

Thanks to notes made by the postmaster in the Swedish port town of Ystad on the southern Scanian coast we know about the arrival of Orlyk and his Ukrainian group:

On November 27 a small galiot (a sailing ship, my note) arrived from Stralsund with the “Polish” (in Sweden Hetman Orlyk was often mistakenly regarded as Polish, my note) Commander Orlik and his suite of 40 persons who received housing here in town (my translation from Swedish).

***

Pylyp Orlyk was born on October 11, 1672, in Kosuta, Ashmyany County, Vileyka District, present day Belarus and passed away in Iasi, present day Romania on May 26, 1742. He was married to Anna Hertsyk, daughter of Colonel P. Hertsyk of the Poltava Regiment.

A residence had been prepared for the Orlyk family when they arrived in Sweden. After a short stay in Ystad they travelled to Kristianstad in northeastern Scania. The city was named after the Danish King Christian IV. Scania had been Danish territory until 1658 and the city was founded about100 years before the arrival of the Orlyks. It was a city planned as a renaissance fortress city with defensive walls of the type common in continental Europe.

An example of a famous fortress city is Palmanova founded by Venice in 1593 in northeastern Italy. This type of fortress was a star fort, which is not the case in Kristianstad. The fortress cities were based on the humanist theories of the so called ideal city. Some of these fortress cities failed to prosper but Kristianstad has grown and is now a lively regional city of around 30,000 inhabitants.

Not much is known of the private life of the Orlyk family during its stay in Kristianstad [2]. A number of letters in German by the hetman to the Swedish government in Stockholm are preserved [3]. There are also documents in the city archive mainly about the residence of the family in the city. On November 5, 1718, a daughter, Katarina, was born (see below).

On November 30, 1718, King Charles XII was killed during the Swedish invasion of Norway (then part of the Danish kingdom). Denmark was during the Great Northern War (1700 – 1721) a part of the anti-Swedish coalition with Russia, Saxony and Prussia. The death of Charles was a great blow to Hetman Orlyk’s hopes for a continued support by Sweden for the liberation of Ukraine. In 1719 Orlyk travelled to Stockholm to negotiate the repayment of a loan from Ukraine to Sweden during the Russian campaign of 1708-1709.

In the beginning 1719 Hetman Orlyk wrote to the successor of Charles, Queen Ulrika Eleonora. He complained in the letter that he had little means to support his wife and seven children and had to ask for credit in the stores of the city. Before leaving Kristianstad for Stockholm with his son Hryhor in the spring of 1719 the hetman had to put up as security for a loan by the local silversmith and businessman Conrad Kampf two hetman scepters, the hetman banner and the bunchuk (the banner with the horsetail) [4]. After arriving in Stockholm Orlyk furthermore had put up for security for new loans from prominent Swedish officials one diamond ring and one golden cross.

The precarious financial situation improved, however, in Stockholm. On June 3, 1719, Orlyk received a pension covering half a year and in 1720 he received as repayment of the Ukrainian loan to Sweden with 20,000 silver thaler. He had, however, to accept that this payment would be all he received for a Ukrainian state loan of 60,000 silver thaler .

On October 11, 1720, Hetman Orlyk, his son Hryhor and a secretary Captain de Cloirs left Stockholm. There is no information at this time on the identity of de Cloirs. From Ystad the Ukrainian party sailed to Luebeck in northern Germany and then travelled on by land to Hannover in Germany and via Thueringen to Prague and Breslau (then in Austria) to continue to Krakow in Poland.

***

AnastazyaFeodora was born 1699 in Poltava and she passed away 1728 in Kiel, Germany. She was married to the Swedish General Johan Stenflycht, born Segersten. He was raised to nobility in 1717 as Stenflycht.

For the daughter of Pylyp Orlyk it was the first marriage. Stenflycht had been married once before. The name of his first wife (marriage 1707 or 1708) is not known. She is supposed to have passed away at the latest in 1722 or 1723. The first wife most likely was born in the area around the city of Rawitz in Silesia (present day Poland). She might have been related to King Stanislaus I of Poland and is believed to have owned estates both in Poland and Silesia (then part of the Habsburg Empire). There was one son in this marriage, Philip, who rose to captain in the Polish army.

The second marriage was to Anastazya Feodora Orlyk. The two were married in Görchen (around 60 kilometers from Breslau). There were two sons in this marriage, grandchildren of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk. Carl Gustaf was born in Görchen in 1724 and passed away at the age of 34 in Germany. He rose to colonel of the French regiment Royal Pologne the same year he died. The second son, Philip, was born in Poland around 1726. Philip was alive in 1731 but passed away before his father in Sweden. 1739 has been mentioned as his year of death. There was also a daughter (name unknown) who lived with her father in Hamburg in 1742 (General Stenflycht was French Commandant of the city and Lt. General). She never married and probably lived to adulthood.

It is rumored that a third marriage of the general was with Hetman Pylyp Orlyk’s daughter Barbara 1731 or 1732. Barbara was born in 1707 and passed away in 1734 or 1738. She was the owner of the castle Stanislanova in Podolia (in southeastern Poland close to the Ukrainian border). There were, as far as is known to this author, no children in this possible third marriage.

Hryhor (Gregorius) Piotr was born 1702 in Baturyn and was killed in the battle of Minden Germany 1759 (250^th Anniversary of his death was remembered in 2009). He had Hetman Ivan Mazepa for godfather.The godmother was the wife of Judge General Kochubei, Lubovia.

Hryhor at the arrival of the family in Kristianstad was 14 years old. After a time, in spite of the young age, the oldest son of Hetman Orlyk began studying at the University of Lund in southern Sweden.

He was with his father in Stockholm in 1719-1720 and joined him in travelling to Germany and Poland in 1720. He first enrolled in Saxon military service but had to leave in 1726 as Russia demanded his extradition. Hryhor Orlyk left for Poland and allied himself to the party of Polish King Stanislaus I (the king had with his family lived in exile in Kristianstad from 1711 to 1714).

In 1730 he joined French diplomatic service, where he was involved in seeking a Turkish and Crimean Khanate alliance against Russia. He also met his father, who now resided in Saloniki, Greece. In the late 1730s Hryhor travelled to Sweden in a French attempt to persuade Sweden to forge an alliance with Turkey against Russia. In the 1740s he joined the French intelligence service (Secret du roi) and carried out a number of secret missions.

In 1747 Orlyk married a French noblewoman, and started a military career. He ended as lieutenant general. Taking part in the Seven Years’ War he was killed in the battle of Minden in 1759. His gravesite is unknown.

Hryhor Orlyk retained good relations with Sweden throughout his French career. A letter from 1747 is preserved in the Swedish National Archive in which he thanked the Swedish government for providing his mother Anna with a state pension. In 1739 to 1741 he exchanged letters with Carl Gyllenborg, the Swedish Chancellor and wrote:

It may seem as if my father (Pylyp Orlyk, note) is a weak instrument for such a great plan; but it must be taken into consideration that he has been acknowledged by the Ottoman Empire as the legal head of state of the Kozak nation under protection of the Swedish king. The same empire wishes to aid him and it is presently flourishing. The Great Vesir also gave my father strong assurances when he last met him at Vidin. One can thus hope that the set-backs of my father will cease and that he will be able with his nation to support Swedish interests.

The second oldest son of Hetman Orlyk, Michal, was born in 1704 in Baturyn. His godfather was Hetman Ivan Mazepa.

The second oldest daughter, Barbara, was born 1707 in Baturyn. She also had Hetman Ivan Mazepa as godfather.

***

Several of Pylyp Orlyks children were born outside Ukraine. Jacob was born 1711 in Bendery and died 1720 in Breslau, present day Poland. His godfather was King Charles XII and the godmother was Anna Voinarovska (see below), married to Hetman Mazepa’s newphew, Andrei Voinarovskyi. Daughter Martha was also born in Bendery in 1713. Her godfathers were King Stanislaus I of Poland, the Polish Prince Korybut Wisznoviecki and the Voyvod of Kyiv, Joseph Potocki.

Maryna Anna was born, 1715 on Grahlhof Estate, Alte Faehre, Island of Ruegen, Swedish Pomerania in Germany. Her godfather was Polish General Stanislav Poniatovski on behalf of King Stanislaus I. Her godmother was Princess Ulrika Eleonora, sister of King Charles XII, later queen of Sweden, represented by the wife of Swedish Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Rehnskiöld, Countess Rehnskiöld.

The youngest, the eighth child, was Kataryna born on November 5, 1718 in Kristianstad, Sweden. She probably died as an infant in 1719 in the same city. Her godfathers were Count Carl Gustaf Haard, Governor General of Scania Province, Lieutenant General Gustaf Martin Schultz and Lieutenant General of the Swedish Army, Henrik Otto Albedyl, Major General, Swedish Army, and the military Commandant of Kristianstad from 1713 to 1721, Colonel Adam Johan Feilitzen.

***

Very little research has been undertaken concerning Orlyk’s government-in-exile in Sweden 1716 – 1720. It is known that the members lived in Stockholm. A Swedish document in 1719 confirmed that seven Ukrainian “officers” (government officials, my note) resided in the Swedish capital [5]. More archival research is needed to establish for instance where in the Swedish capital they lived.

When Hetman Pylyp Orlyk arrived in Sweden with his family and government in November 1715 the Ukrainians were divided into two groups. Orlyk and his family were given residence in the city of Kristianstad. The government officials travelled on to Stockholm. These were: Judge General Kliment Dolhopoli, who passed away in 1719 in Stockholm. Adjutant General Grigoriy Hertsik was Orlyk’s brother in law. He left Sweden via Malmö-Copenhagen to Poland with Fedor Nachimovskiy (see below) and Fedor Mirovich (see below). They were later arrested and brought to St. Petersburg.

Adjutant General Fedor Mirovich

Asaul Ivan Hertsik

Prosecutor General Fedor Tretiak

Banner Carrier Aftaman Hertsik

Bulavnik Fedor Nachimovskiy

Aftaman Grigoriy Novitskiy was a military commander under Mazepa. He was deported to Siberia and later wrote an interesting work on that part of Russia.

In addition there were in Stockholm Orthodox priest Parfeniy and someone named Filemon Mazepa .

***

Among Ukrainian creditors Andrey Voynarovskiy never came to Sweden. He was abducted and arrested by Russians in Hamburg, Germany, and deported to Siberia.

His wife Anna Voynarovskaya, born Mirovich, travelled to Sweden and in negotiations received repayment of the loan of Hetman Mazepa to Charles XII before the battle of Poltava in 1709 [6]. Her father, Colonel Mirovich, was among the Ukrainian prisoners-of-war captured by the Swedish Army at the battle of Lacowiche in 1707. He was brought to Sweden and died a captive in Gothenburg.

***

Other Ukrainians in Sweden were prisoners-of-war (captured before 1708). Around 800 of these have been identified in Swedish archives by Håkan Henriksson, a Swedish researcher [7].

It is the hope of the author of this short article might raise interest in Ukraine about the first exiled Ukrainian independence fighters in Sweden.

Notes

In this article I have chosen to designate Hetman Pylyp Orlyk and his leading officials in Sweden a government-in-exile even if the officials were no government ministers in a modern sense. Alfred Jensen, Mazepa: historiska bilder från Ukraina och Karl XII:s dagar. Lund, 1909 and Orest Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century. Boulder, Colo., 1981.

2) Published in Historisk Tidskrift, Stockholm (“Generalen Friherre Axel Sparres Bref till konung Karl XII 1713 – 1715”. The Letters of General Count Axel Sparre to King Charles XII 1713 – 1715). 1900.

3) For more on Orlyk’s time in Kristianstad see my articles ”Ukrainas statsöverhuvud Filip Orlik med familj och regering i Kristianstad 1716-1719”, Föreningen Gamla Christianstads årsskrift 1994, pp. 46 – 56., ”Filip Orlik – en prominent gäst i Henrik Hildebrands gästgiveri” [Pylyp Orlyk – a Prominent Guest of the Inn of Henrik Hildebrand], Föreningen Gamla Christianstads årsskrift 1997, sid. 56 – 66, ”L’hetman Pylyp Orlyk et son gouvernemant en exil in Suède”, journal L’Est Européen, Paris, Nr. 227, juli – september 1992. There is a memorial placque on Orlyk’s residence in Kristianstad. Responsible for placing that placque at Lilla Torg in Kristianstad was the society Friends of Vähusen (formed in 1977 to preserve old buildings in Kristianstad). The society, when chaired by the former city architect of Kristianstad, Sune Friström, has also managed to preserve the house of Pylyp Orlyk, a Ukrainian national treasure. Further commemorations of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk are planned in the city.

4) A forthcoming publication of these letters is in preparation by the author of this article as “Hetman Filip Orliks brev på tyska från Kristianstad 1716 – 1719”.

5) Bertil Häggman “Ukrainas statsöverhuvud Filip Orlik med familj och regering i Kristianstad 1716 – 1719” in Ukrainska öden i Sverige på Karl XII:s tid, Wermlands karoliners skriftserie, No. 10. 1994. The article was first published in the journal Ale, Sweden, No.2, 1993.

6) ”Ang. Kosackfältherren Orliks pension och Woynarowskis fordran samt ang. fri bostad i Stockholm för statens orientaliska kreditorer”, May 22, 1719 Stockholm. Riksdagsakter. Ser. 2, 1.

7) Bertil Häggman, Ukrainska öden i Sverige på Karl XII:s tid, Wermlands karoliners skriftserie, No. 10. 1994.

8) Excerpt from original list (No. 63) of Ukrainian prisoners- of –war in Sweden provided by Henrik Håkansson in the exhibition catalogue Ukraine-Sweden: At the Crossroads of History (XVII-XVIII Centuries) New York/Kyiv. 2010. 229 pages. See also article “När kosackerna kom till Askersund” by Håkan Henriksson, Journal Aktstycket, Sweden, December 2009, pp. 6-12.

RESUME

A FEW NOTES ON HETMAN PYLYP ORLYK, HIS FAMILY, AND THE MAZEPISTS WHILE IN EXILE IN SWEDEN (1715 – 1720)

The article deals with Swedish-Ukrainian relations 1715 - 1720 especially the arrival of Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, his family, and the Ukrainian government in exile to Swedish Pomerania (Germany) in 1715, their transfer to the southern Swedish province of Scania in November of this year, and the residence of the Orlyk family in the city of Kristianstad in that province 1716 - 1719. There is a section on Orlyk's children, particularly the oldest son Hryhor and Anastazya, who married the Swedish General Johan Stenflycht. In addition a few notes presents the government officials of Hetman Orlyk, who lived in Stockholm 1716 - 1720, and Ukrainian creditors. Finally the documentation of the Ukrainian prisoners-of-war in Sweden, who were captured by the Swedish army before 1708, is mentioned.

Key words: Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, his family, the Ukrainian government in exile, Sweden.

КІЛЬКА ЗАМІТОК ПРО ГЕТЬМАНА ПИЛИПА ОРЛИКА, ЙОГО РОДИНУ ТА МАЗЕПИНЦІВ ПІД ЧАС ЇХ ВИГНАННЯ У ШВЕЦІЇ (1715-1720 рр.)

Стаття розглядає шведсько-українські відносини 1715-1720 рр., особливо приїзд гетьмана Пилипа Орлика, його родини та українського еміграційного уряду до Шведської Померанії (Німеччина) у 1715 р., їх переїзд до південної провінції Швеції Сканії у листопаді того року та перебування родини Орликів у м. Крістіанштадті в цій провінції у 1716-1719 рр. Автор розповідає про дітей П. Орлика головне про його старшого сина Григора та доньку Анастасію, яка вийшла заміж за шведського генерала Йоганна Стенфліхта. Додано кілька заміток про життя гетьманських урядовців та українських кредиторів у Стокгольмі в 1716-1720 рр. Згадана документація українських військовополонених у Швеції, котрі були захоплені шведською армією до 1708 р.

Ключові слова: гетьман Пилип Орлик, його родина, український емігрантський уряд, Швеція.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mr. Bertil Haggman, LL.M. (b. 1940) is a Swedish author and jurist, who has published extensively about Swedish-Ukrainian relations in the beginning of the 18th century. Educated at the University of Lund (Sweden), he graduated with a Master of Law degree in 1964. Until his retirement in 2001 he was in state service. During the Cold War from 1964 he actively supported a free, democratic and independent Ukraine. Between 1976 and 1994 he received several grants from the Swedish Authors Association.

HIS ADDRESS:

Bertil Haggman

Boalt 3103
S-280 64 GLIMAKRA

Sweden
Tel. 0768257507

Email: bertilhaggman@hotmail.com

Бертіл Хаггман—відомий шведський письменник, публіцист та історик, член Спілки письменників Швеції, автор численних статей, книг та довідок у міжнародних енциклопедичних виданнях з геополітики, військової історії та шведсько-українських зв’язків.

Опубліковано у БАТУРИНСЬКІЙ СТАРОВИНІ: ЗБІРНИКУ НАУКОВИХ ПРАЦЬ, ПРИСВЯЧЕНОМУ 300-ЛІТТЮ БАТУРИНСЬКОЇ ТРАГЕДІЇ (Київ: Видавництво ім. Олени Теліги, 2008), стор. 367-372.

Bertil Haggman

Pylyp Orlyk’s Long Journey Throughout Europe:

From Ottoman Territory to Sweden in 1714-1716

and His Return to Turkey in 1722

Pylyp Orlyk was the successor of the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Mazepa. Elected hetman in 1710 in exile in Bender (in present-day Moldavia), Orlyk was to continue Mazepa’s struggle for Ukrainian independence until his death in 1742. In 1710, he was the main author of Ukraine’s first constitution. Celebrations to mark the signing of this document are planned for Ukraine in 2010.

The first part of this essay is an attempt to describe the long journey of the hetman, his family and government to Sweden to live there in exile between 1716 and 1720, when he and his retinue then departed for the European continent. The second part deals with the Russian manhunt for the Mazepists coming from Sweden from 1720 and later. Their fight for Ukrainian freedom from 1720 to 1742 has been presented elsewhere.[i]

Pylyp Orlyk was born in 1672 of Lithuanian-Czech origin. He was educated, and wrote fluently in Latin and German. The future hetman’s studies began at the Jesuit College in Vilnius and continued at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. From 1698 to 1700 Orlyk served as secretary to the Metropolitan of Kyiv and then became the senor military chancellor of the Kozak Host. Later Orlyk was appointed regent (superintendent) of the General Military Chancellery of the Hetmanate (1700–1706). His rise to power came with his position as Ivan Mazepa’s Chancellor General starting in 1706. That year he also became Mazepa’s closest adviser.

In 1708, Orlyk and Mazepa attempted to create an anti-Muscovite coalition that was broader than their Swedish-Ukrainian alliance. Possible other allies were the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate and insurgents in various parts of Russia.[ii] The entire matter suffered a major setback with the crushing defeat of the Swedes and their Ukrainian allies at the Battle of Poltava in July 1709.[iii]

After the battle, King Charles XII as well as Hetman Ivan Mazepa and Chancellor General Orlyk went into exile in the Ottoman-controlled city of Bender (aka Bendery) in Moldavia, staying until 1714.[iv] Following the death of the aged Mazepa in October, 1709, Orlyk was elected hetman in April, 1710.

In May, 1710, the 1708 alliance with Sweden was confirmed anew. This formal agreement was backed by the Ottoman Empire. The new hetman could now invade Right-Bank Ukraine with a Ukrainian-Crimean Tatar army. A formal alliance with the latter, backed by Constantinople, had been concluded in early 1711. Their ultimate goal was to topple the Muscovite administration.

Even though Orlyk’s forces initially had success, the campaign was hampered by the on-going looting and pillaging of the Tatar allies, which was turning the local population against the Ukrainian army. The unreliability of the Tatar-Ottoman support was demonstrated further in July, 1711, when Constantinople and Moscow concluded the Treaty of Prut, which ended the Ottoman-Ukrainian alliance, following the complete encirclement of Tsar Peter I’s army near Iaşi by a considerably superior Turkish force. In Bender, Charles XII became extremely irate upon receiving news of the agreement that had, in effect, saved Peter.

In the following year, Orlyk continued to make attempts to form an anti-Muscovite alliance. Charles XII also planned a combined action on Moscow with three armies. A Swedish army would be transported to Swedish Pomerania under General Magnus Stenbock. From there it was to march on Moscow via Warsaw and Minsk, picking up Polish forces loyal to King Stanislaus I. The king hoped to encourage Constantinople to break the Prut Treaty, so that an Ottoman army could then march from Adrianople (Edirne) north via Bender and Kyiv and then on to Moscow. In addition, a Crimean Tatar army would march from Crimea via Poltava on Moscow. The plan failed. General Stenbock turned his army on Denmark marching west and then north into Jutland. His army was later forced to surrender.

When planning to return to Sweden in 1713, Charles XII invited the hetman as well as his family and government to go into exile, this time in Sweden. The journey from Bender to Sweden was planned and executed by General Axel Sparre (1652–1728).

There are few sources on the Long Journey of the Swedish and Kozak forces and civilians northward. General Sparre wrote several letters to the king,[v] but they contain no detailed information on the route. According to a report by Sparre, the total number of Swedes was 1,007. Of this the main part was civilians. The rest were a number of generals, officers, staff and soldiers.[vi]

Setting out in September, 1714, the group was in Vienna in December of that year.[vii] In late January, 1715, it was in Nuremburg (Bavaria) en route to Hesse-Cassel, a duchy with which Sweden had good connections.[viii] In mid-February it was in Cassel (now Kassel in Germany). The group was now approaching the last leg of its journey.

The nearest Swedish territory was Swedish Pomerania. It had been in Swedish hands since the Thirty Year’s War, and the Swedish king was Duke of Pomerania. In 1715 the Orlyks arrived in Stralsund, the largest town in Swedish Pomerania with around 10,000 inhabitants, as the city being besieged by troops from Denmark, Russia, Poland, Saxony and Prussia. Charles XII had arrived there earlier in November, 1714, to aid in the town’s defence. During the spring and summer of 1715 the siege of Stralsund moved at a slow pace. Orlyk and his family lived in Grahlhof on the side of the Island of Rögen near the Strela sound dividing Stralsund from the island. The building they lived in at that time (1715) is no more, replaced by a manor house in the nineteenth century. When the Orlyks were there, the site belonged to a nearby monastery (St. Jörgen).[ix]

In the fall of 1715 the situation was becoming hopeless for the defenders of Stralsund. In the beginning of December the king left for Sweden and later in the month the Orlyk family was evacuated on a Swedish warship that managed to pass through a blockade to Ystad in the Swedish province of Scania. A letter from Orlyk to the king sent from Ystad is preserved.[x]

Later Orlyk was offered a residence in the city of Kristianstad (Scania) and lived there from 1716 to 1719.[xi] A letter from Governor Carl Gustaf Haard to the City Council of Kristianstad confirmed the arrangement. The council choose an inn that had belonged to Henrik Hildebrand, an innkeeper of German origin who had passed away earlier, on the town’s “Small Square” (Lilla torg). The house in which he lived (Hylénska gaarden) is still preserved.[xii]

Most of the exiled Ukrainian government came to reside in Stockholm.[xiii] In 1720 Orlyk proceeded to that city, where a portion of the debts of the Swedish government for loans by Hetman Ivan Mazepa was repaid. Now Orlyk was prepared to continue his struggle for Ukrainian independence.

On January 5, 1719, the Vienna Alliance was concluded between George I of Hannover, Emperor Charles VI of Austria and, most importantly for the Mazepists, King Augustus of Saxony-Poland. The Saxon-Polish king, alarmed by the aggressive Russian stance taken by Peter I, had changed his pro-Russian policy. This was an opportunity not to be missed by Orlyk and his government.

In late January, 1721, some of the Mazepists arrived in Breslau (in Silesia, then part of the Habsburg Empire) from Sweden on their way to the Zaporozhians in the Crimean Khanate. Hetman Orlyk was seeking a new alliance with the Khanate. In Silesia they were met by Baron Orlik, who came from of the same ancestral line as the hetman. This Czech aristocrat and courtier to Emperor Charles in Vienna helped the Orlyks, also now in Breslau.

Meanwhile, in 1716, Russian agents in Hamburg captured Andrii Voinarovsky, Mazepa’s nephew.[xiv] He was spirited off to St. Petersburg. After detailed questioning and a prolonged time in jail, this unlucky Mazepist was removed to Siberia, where he later passed away.

In 1720, it was Hryhor Hertsyk’s turn. He stopped in Warsaw on his way to the Zaporozhians and Khan Saadet Girei in Crimea. His partners Fedir Nakhymovsky and Fedir Myrovych lodged with General Stanisław Poniatowski, the Polish statesman and old friend of King Charles XII. In Warsaw Hertsyk learned that the hopes for war with Russia were fading. Having doubts concerning his mission, he feigned illness, and only Nakhymovsky went on to Crimea. The Russian resident in Warsaw, Prince Georgii Dolgorukii, learned that Hertsyk was in the Polish capital. He had him arrested and on March 15, 1721, the Mazepist was removed to St. Petersburg. The captured Hertsyk spent years in the Peter and Paul Fortress under detailed questioning and was then exiled to Moscow.

In March, 1721, preparations were made also to abduct Hetman Orlyk. It was only the recent friendship with Baron Orlik saved him. The aristocrat learned of the plans through the court in Vienna. The Hetman and his family were then removed to a hiding place outside Breslau. The Russians attempted persuading and bribing key officials in Vienna to detain the Hetman and hand him over to their agents. However, Charles VI in Vienna steadfastly refused to cooperate.

For his part, Orlyk mobilized his contacts (Swedish envoy Count Ture Bielke, Baron Szlik, the Bohemian minister, and even King Augustus II of Saxony) in a bid to allow himself to stay longer in Hapsburg territory. Despite these efforts, Charles VI insisted that the Hetman leave his realm. As a result Orlyk went to Poland, taking only his son Hryhor along.

On April 21 they arrived in Cracow. There was no good news for their mission. It was politely suggested to Orlyk that he seek an understanding with the tsar. Around the same time, Orlyk learned that the successors of Charles XII would not raise the question of Ukraine at the peace negotiations to end the Great Northern War being held in Nystad.

Discouraged, Orlyk sought an understanding with Tsar Peter I through his future son-in-law, Swedish Colonel (and at the time a major general in the army of Holstein) Johan Stenflycht,[xv] who represented Holstein in St. Petersburg. The response from Russia was negative. According to Stenflycht, the best that could be hoped for was a return to Ukraine. Hetman Orlyk wisely decided not to take the risk. Instead, he turned to the Ottoman Porte for protection.

On February 27, 1722, Orlyk took off alone to the border at Khotyn. Again, he was out of luck. The Turks were exceedingly cautious to abide by a peace arrangement they had reached with Russia in 1713. Moreover, the governor of Khotyn, Abdi Pasha, was negatively disposed to Ukrainian Cossacks. He had had Nakhymovsky, who arrived several weeks before the Hetman, arrested and sent to Poland. He now ordered Orlyk to return from where he came. But when the Hetman showed his letters of recommendation from a number of monarchs, Abdi Pasha was forced to relent. Orlyk was allowed to stay while the governor sent for instructions from the capital. As luck had it, several interim events had undermined the cordiality of Ottoman-Russian relations. So, Orlyk was allowed to continue to Constantinople after a stay in Seres.

On the way Orlyk stopped in Bucharest where he was met by Hospodar Nicholas Maurocordato. In August of 1722 Orlyk arrived at Seres. Ultimately, he was not allowed to continue to the Ottoman capital. Now the instructions were for Orlyk to go to Salonika in northern Greece to wait. The Hetman was to remain there for ten years.

[i] Orest Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1981).

[ii] Orest Subtelny, ed., On the Eve of Poltava: The Letters of Mazepa to Adam Sieniawski, 1704–1708 (New York, 1975).

[iii] For an extensive account of this encounter and the events leading up to it, see Peter Englund, The Battle of Poltava (London, 1992).

[iv] For more on the years 1709–1714, see Bertil Haggman, “Sequel to Poltava: Diplomacy to Contain Russia 1709 – 1714” (on the Internet at www.euronet.nl/users/sota/haggman.html, searched in August 2005). The article is also available in Turkish as “Poltava’nin Neticesi: Rusya’yi Yenmeye Yönelik Isvec – Ukrain – Osmanli – Kirim Tatari Stratejileri, 1709–1714”, Emel, Ankara, 1997. Regarding Ukrainian policy during the Moldavian exile, see Orest Subtelny, “The Ukrainian-Crimean Treaty of 1711,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3–4: 2 (1979–1980). An article by Haggman on Swedish troop strength in Moldavia in 1709–1714, “Karl XII:s truppstyrka i Bender 1709–1714 [The Swedish Troops of Charles XII in Moldavia, 1709–1714],” is forthcoming. On Pylyp Orlyk, see Borys Krupnytsky, “General Characteristics of Pylyp Orlyk”, The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States, 6: 3–4 (21–22) (1958), pp. 147–159.

[v] Publicerade i Historisk Tidskrift, Generalen Friherre Axel Sparres Bref till konung Karl XII 1713 – 1715 (The Letters of General Count Axel Sparre to King Charles XII 1713 – 1715) ( Stockholm, 1900).

[vi] Note the author’s forthcoming article on “Swedish Troops” mentioned above in Footnote 4.

[vii] Historisk Tidskrift, pp. 93–95.

[viii] Charles I (1670–1730), the duchy’s ruler, was the father of the Swedish King Frederick I of Hesse-Cassel.

[ix] Much more research is needed on the Long Journey of the Orlyks and the stay in Stralsund in 1715. Documents in these regards are most likely preserved in the Pomeranica Collection of the Swedish National Archive (Riksarkivet).

[x] The letter was published in Alfred Jensen, Les emigrants Ukrainiens en Suиd (1910), pp. 28–29.

[xi] Earlier, from 1711 to 1714, the exiled Polish king Stanislaus I had resided in Kristinastad.

[xii] The author has published extensively on Orlyk’s years in Kristianstad, including the article "Filip Orlik - En prominent gaest i Henrik Hildebrands gaestgiveri(Hylénska gaarden)"(Pylyp Orlyk - A Prominent Guest in the Inn of Henrik Hildebrand [The Hylén Mansion]), Foereningen Gamla Christianstads Aarsskrift 1997 (Kristianstad), pp. 56–66.

[xiii] The leading Mazepists in Sweden from 1716 included Judge General Klym Dovhoplyi; Adjutant General Hryhor Hertsyk (Orlov’s brother-in-law), Adjutant General Fedir Myrovych, Osaul Ivan Hertsyk, Prosecutor General Fedir Tretiak, Flag Bearer Opanas Hertsyk and Bulavnyk Fedir Nakhymovsky. Also there were a number of Ukrainian prisoners-of-war who had been captured by the Swedes before 1708. Among the latter was the father of Andrii Voinarovsky’s wife Anna.

[xiv] Voinarovsky’s abduction is described in a document from 1716 that is preserved in Alfred Jensen, Mazepa: historiska bilder från Ukraina och Karl XII:s dagar (Lund, 1909) as well as a letter from Andrii to his wife Anna after his capture in Hamburg by the Russians.

[xv] Swedish General Johan Stenflycht (1682–1758) of Oestergoetland Province (East Gothia) had served under Ferenc Rákóczi of Hungary during his uprising against Austrian rule. Later the general was in the service of the Duke of Holstein and went with the duke to St. Petersburg. In 1723 he married Anastazya Orlyk and after her death in 1728 probably also her sister Barbara. During the Polish War of Succession he was in 1733–1736 one of Stanislaus I’s foremost supporters. In 1738 Stenflycht held the rank of Lieutenant General in the French army. Throughout his career he cooperated closely with Pylyp and Hryhor Orlyk.

[1] Orest Subtelny, The Mazepists: Ukrainian Separatism in the Early Eighteenth Century (Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs, 1981).

[1] Orest Subtelny, ed., On the Eve of Poltava: The Letters of Mazepa to Adam Sieniawski, 1704–1708 (New York, 1975).

[1] For an extensive account of this encounter and the events leading up to it, see Peter Englund, The Battle of Poltava (London, 1992).

[1] For more on the years 1709–1714, see Bertil Haggman, “Sequel to Poltava: Diplomacy to Contain Russia 1709 – 1714” (on the Internet at www.euronet.nl/users/sota/haggman.html, searched in August 2005). The article is also available in Turkish as “Poltava’nin Neticesi: Rusya’yi Yenmeye Yönelik Isvec – Ukrain – Osmanli – Kirim Tatari Stratejileri, 1709–1714”, Emel, Ankara, 1997. Regarding Ukrainian policy during the Moldavian exile, see Orest Subtelny, “The Ukrainian-Crimean Treaty of 1711,” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 3–4: 2 (1979–1980). An article by Haggman on Swedish troop strength in Moldavia in 1709–1714, “Karl XII:s truppstyrka i Bender 1709–1714 [The Swedish Troops of Charles XII in Moldavia, 1709–1714],” is forthcoming. On Pylyp Orlyk, see Borys Krupnytsky, “General Characteristics of Pylyp Orlyk”, The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the United States, 6: 3–4 (21–22) (1958), pp. 147–159.

[1] Publicerade i Historisk Tidskrift, Generalen Friherre Axel Sparres Bref till konung Karl XII 1713 – 1715 (The Letters of General Count Axel Sparre to King Charles XII 1713 – 1715) ( Stockholm, 1900).

[1] Note the author’s forthcoming article on “Swedish Troops” mentioned above in Footnote 4.

[1] Historisk Tidskrift, pp. 93–95.

[1] Charles I (1670–1730), the duchy’s ruler, was the father of the Swedish King Frederick I of Hesse-Cassel.

[1] Much more research is needed on the Long Journey of the Orlyks and the stay in Stralsund in 1715. Documents in these regards are most likely preserved in the Pomeranica Collection of the Swedish National Archive (Riksarkivet).

[1] The letter was published in Alfred Jensen, Les emigrants Ukrainiens en Suиd (1910), pp. 28–29.

[1] Earlier, from 1711 to 1714, the exiled Polish king Stanislaus I had resided in Kristinastad.

[1] The author has published extensively on Orlyk’s years in Kristianstad, including the article "Filip Orlik - En prominent gaest i Henrik Hildebrands gaestgiveri(Hylénska gaarden)"(Pylyp Orlyk - A Prominent Guest in the Inn of Henrik Hildebrand [The Hylén Mansion]), Foereningen Gamla Christianstads Aarsskrift 1997 (Kristianstad), pp. 56–66.

[1] The leading Mazepists in Sweden from 1716 included Judge General Klym Dovhoplyi; Adjutant General Hryhor Hertsyk (Orlov’s brother-in-law), Adjutant General Fedir Myrovych, Osaul Ivan Hertsyk, Prosecutor General Fedir Tretiak, Flag Bearer Opanas Hertsyk and Bulavnyk Fedir Nakhymovsky. Also there were a number of Ukrainian prisoners-of-war who had been captured by the Swedes before 1708. Among the latter was the father of Andrii Voinarovsky’s wife Anna.

[1] Voinarovsky’s abduction is described in a document from 1716 that is preserved in Alfred Jensen, Mazepa: historiska bilder från Ukraina och Karl XII:s dagar (Lund, 1909) as well as a letter from Andrii to his wife Anna after his capture in Hamburg by the Russians.

[1] Swedish General Johan Stenflycht (1682–1758) of Oestergoetland Province (East Gothia) had served under Ferenc Rákóczi of Hungary during his uprising against Austrian rule. Later the general was in the service of the Duke of Holstein and went with the duke to St. Petersburg. In 1723 he married Anastazya Orlyk and after her death in 1728 probably also her sister Barbara. During the Polish War of Succession he was in 1733–1736 one of Stanislaus I’s foremost supporters. In 1738 Stenflycht held the rank of Lieutenant General in the French army. Throughout his career he cooperated closely with Pylyp and Hryhor Orlyk.